# Kabuk Programlama (Shell Scripting) Nedir?
Kabuk programlama, Linux ortam\u0131nda komutlar yazarak ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak g\u00f6revleri otomatikle\u015ftirmenizi ve d\u00fczenlemenizi sa\u011flayan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir programlama y\u00f6ntemidir. \u00d6zellikle \u015fu alanlarda de\u011ferlidir:
- Sistem y\u00f6netimi
- G\u00f6rev otomatizasyonu
- Verimlili\u011fi art\u0131rma<\/p>
Ba\u015fl\u0131klar:<\/p>
# Shell Script (Kabuk Programlama) \u0130ndeksi<\/p>
1. **Temel Kavramlar**
\u2014 Shell (Kabuk) Nedir?
\u2014 Shell T\u00fcrleri (bash, sh, ksh, zsh)<\/p>
2. **De\u011fi\u015fkenler ve Veri Tipleri**
\u2014 De\u011fi\u015fken Tan\u0131mlama
\u2014 Sabitler
\u2014 Diziler
\u2014 \u0130li\u015fkisel Diziler<\/p>
3. **Temel Operat\u00f6rler**
\u2014 Metin \u0130\u015flemleri
\u2014 Aritmetik \u0130\u015flemler
\u2014 Mant\u0131ksal Operat\u00f6rler<\/p>
4. **Kontrol Yap\u0131lar\u0131**
\u2014 if-else \u0130fadeleri
\u2014 case \u0130fadeleri
\u2014 D\u00f6ng\u00fcler (for, while, until)
\u2014 break ve continue
\u2014 exit ve sleep<\/p>
5. **Fonksiyonlar**
\u2014 Fonksiyon Tan\u0131mlama
\u2014 Parametre Ge\u00e7irme
\u2014 D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f De\u011ferleri
\u2014 \u00d6zyineleme<\/p>
6. **Komut Sat\u0131r\u0131 \u0130\u015flemleri**
\u2014 getopts Kullan\u0131m\u0131
\u2014 Se\u00e7enek ve Arg\u00fcman \u0130\u015fleme
\u2014 basename ve dirname
\u2014 Dosya ve Dizin Kontrolleri<\/p>
7. **Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00d6zellikler**
\u2014 S\u00fcsl\u00fc Parantez Geni\u015fletmesi
\u2014 seq Komutu
\u2014 nohup Kullan\u0131m\u0131
\u2014 Rastgele Say\u0131lar<\/p>
8. **\u00d6rnek Proje**
\u2014 Hesap Makinesi Uygulamas\u0131
\u2014 Kurulum ve \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma
\u2014 Kod A\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131
\u2014 Geli\u015ftirme \u00d6nerileri<\/p>
## Kabuk (Shell) T\u00fcrleri
\u0130\u015fte en yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan kabuklar:<\/p>
1. **Bash (Bourne Again Shell)**
\u2014 En yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan kabuk
\u2014 Bir\u00e7ok Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131nda varsay\u0131lan kabuk<\/p>
2. **sh (Bourne Shell)**
\u2014 Orijinal Unix kabu\u011fu
\u2014 Bash\u2019in \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc<\/p>
3. **ksh (Korn Shell)**
\u2014 csh ve sh\u2019nin \u00f6zelliklerini birle\u015ftirir
\u2014 Unix ortamlar\u0131nda pop\u00fcler<\/p>
4. **zsh (Z Shell)**
\u2014 Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00f6zelliklere sahip modern kabuk
\u2014 Yeni macOS s\u00fcr\u00fcmlerinde varsay\u0131lan kabuk<\/p>
# Kabuk T\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcz\u00fc Kontrol Etme
Mevcut kabu\u011funuzu belirlemek i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n:
```bash
echo $0
```<\/p>
# Dosya Olu\u015fturma ve Kullanma
Unix ve Linux ortamlar\u0131nda vi komutunu kullanarak dosya olu\u015fturma ve d\u00fczenleme temel bir beceridir. \u0130\u015fte vi ile dosya olu\u015fturma, i\u00e7erik girme ve kaydetme ad\u0131mlar\u0131:<\/p>
## 1. Yeni Dosya Olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in vi\u2019yi A\u00e7ma
- Terminalinizi a\u00e7\u0131n
- \u015eu komutu yaz\u0131n: `vi my_script.sh`
- Not: my_script.sh mevcut de\u011filse, vi bu isimde yeni bir dosya olu\u015fturacakt\u0131r<\/p>
## 2. Temel vi D\u00fczenleme Komutlar\u0131
vi\u2019yi a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, komut modundas\u0131n\u0131z. Yazma moduna ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in:
- `i` tu\u015funa bas\u0131n. Art\u0131k dosyaya i\u00e7erik yazabilirsiniz<\/p>
## 3. vi\u2019de \u0130\u00e7erik Yazma
\u201cMerhaba, D\u00fcnya!\u201d yazan ve mevcut tarih\/saati g\u00f6steren basit bir betik olu\u015ftural\u0131m:
```bash
#!\/bin\/bash
# Bu betik bir kar\u015f\u0131lama mesaj\u0131 ve mevcut tarih\/saati yazd\u0131r\u0131r
echo \u201cMerhaba, D\u00fcnya!\u201d
echo \u201cMevcut tarih ve saat:\u201d
date
```<\/p>
## 4. Yazma Modundan \u00c7\u0131kma
- Komut moduna d\u00f6nmek i\u00e7in `Esc` tu\u015funa bas\u0131n<\/p>
## 5. vi\u2019de Kaydetme ve \u00c7\u0131kma
- Kaydet ve \u00e7\u0131k: `:wq` yaz\u0131p Enter\u2019a bas\u0131n
- Sadece kaydet: `:w` yaz\u0131p Enter\u2019a bas\u0131n
- Kaydetmeden \u00e7\u0131k: `:q!` yaz\u0131p Enter\u2019a bas\u0131n<\/p>
## 6. Beti\u011fi \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir Yapma
```bash
chmod +x my_script.sh
```<\/p>
## 7. Beti\u011fi \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma
```bash
.\/my_script.sh
```<\/p>
## 8. \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir Yapmadan Beti\u011fi \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma
```bash
bash my_script.sh
```<\/p>
\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131 \u015funa benzer olacakt\u0131r:
```
Merhaba, D\u00fcnya!
Mevcut tarih ve saat:
Sal Kas 6 12:34:56 UTC 2023
```<\/p>
# \u0130\u015flem Kontrol K\u0131sayollar\u0131
- `Ctrl + C`: \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015flemi an\u0131nda sonland\u0131r\u0131r
- `Ctrl + Z`: \u0130\u015flemi duraklat\u0131r ve arka plana g\u00f6nderir (fg veya bg ile devam ettirilebilir)<\/p>
# Kabuk Programlamada Yorumlar
Tek Sat\u0131rl\u0131k Yorumlar:
```bash
# Bu bir tek sat\u0131rl\u0131k yorumdur
echo \u201cMerhaba, D\u00fcnya!\u201d
```<\/p>
# \u00c7ok Sat\u0131rl\u0131 Yorumlar<\/p>
Bash\u2019te \u00e7ok sat\u0131rl\u0131 yorumlar i\u00e7in do\u011frudan bir s\u00f6zdizimi yoktur, ancak bunu iki farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemle yapabilirsiniz:<\/p>
## 1. Here-Document Kullanarak:
```bash
: <<\u2019COMMENT\u2019
Bu bir \u00e7ok sat\u0131rl\u0131 yorumdur.
Buraya birden fazla sat\u0131r ekleyebilirsiniz.
\u0130stedi\u011finiz kadar sat\u0131r yazabilirsiniz.
COMMENT
```<\/p>
## 2. << S\u00f6zdizimini Do\u011frudan Kullanarak:
```bash
<<COMMENT
Bu da \u00e7ok sat\u0131rl\u0131 yorum i\u00e7in
alternatif bir y\u00f6ntemdir.
\u0130stedi\u011finiz kadar sat\u0131r ekleyebilirsiniz.
COMMENT
```<\/p>
Not: Her iki y\u00f6ntemde de \u2018COMMENT\u2019 yerine istedi\u011finiz herhangi bir kelime kullanabilirsiniz, ancak ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 ve biti\u015f kelimeleri ayn\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>
# De\u011fi\u015fkenler ve Dizilerle \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma<\/p>
De\u011fi\u015fkenler ve diziler, betiklerde veri depolama ve i\u015fleme olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flar, bu da otomasyonu daha esnek hale getirir.<\/p>
## De\u011fi\u015fkenler
De\u011fi\u015fken tan\u0131mlama ve de\u011ferine eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in $ kullanma:
```bash
NAME=\u201dLinux\u201d
echo \u201cWelcome to $NAME Scripting\u201d
```<\/p>
## Sabitler
readonly ile salt okunur de\u011fi\u015fkenler olu\u015fturma:
```bash
readonly VERSION=\u201d1.0\"
```<\/p>
## Diziler
Birden fazla de\u011fer depolama:
```bash
myArray=(1 2 3 \u201cHello\u201d \u201cWorld\u201d)
echo \u201c${myArray}\u201d
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: 2
```<\/p>
### Dizi \u0130\u015flemleri:<\/p>
#### Dizi Uzunlu\u011funu Alma:
```bash
echo \u201c${#myArray}\u201d # veya
echo \u201c${#myArray}\u201d
# Dizideki toplam eleman say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr
```<\/p>
#### Diziden Belirli De\u011ferleri Alma:
Belirli bir indeksten ba\u015flayarak de\u011ferleri alma:
```bash
echo \u201c${myArray:1}\u201d
# \u0130kinci elemandan (indeks 1) ba\u015flayarak t\u00fcm elemanlar\u0131 getirir
```<\/p>
#### Belirli Aral\u0131ktaki De\u011ferleri Alma:
```bash
echo \u201c${myArray:1:2}\u201d
# \u0130ndeks 1'den ba\u015flayarak 2 eleman getirir
```<\/p>
#### Dizi G\u00fcncelleme (Yeni eleman ekleme):
```bash
myArray+=(5 6 8)
```<\/p>
### \u0130li\u015fkisel Dizilerle \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma:<\/p>
#### Tan\u0131mlama ve Ba\u015flatma:
```bash
declare -A myArray
myArray=( =Paul =20 )
```<\/p>
#### De\u011ferlere Eri\u015fim:
```bash
echo \u201c${myArray}\u201d
```<\/p>
#### Dizi Uzunlu\u011funu Alma:
```bash
echo \u201c${#myArray}\u201d
```<\/p>
#### Dizi G\u00fcncelleme:
```bash
myArray+=( =NewYork )
```<\/p>
\ud83d\udca1 **\u0130pucu**: Diziler, dosya adlar\u0131 veya yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar gibi de\u011fer listelerini y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>
# Metin ve Aritmetik \u0130\u015flemler<\/p>
## Metin \u0130\u015fleme \u00d6rnekleri:<\/p>
### Temel Metin \u0130\u015flemleri:
```bash
str=\u201dShell Scripting\u201d<\/p>
# Uzunluk
echo ${#str} # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: 15<\/p>
# De\u011fi\u015ftirme
echo ${str\/Scripting\/Programming} # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: Shell Programming<\/p>
# Alt Metin \u00c7\u0131karma
echo ${str:6:9} # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: Scripting
```<\/p>
### Geli\u015fmi\u015f Metin \u0130\u015flemleri:
```bash
myVar=\u201dHello World!\u201d<\/p>
# Metin uzunlu\u011funu alma
length=${#myVar}
echo $length # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: 12<\/p>
# B\u00fcy\u00fck harfe \u00e7evirme
upper=${myVar^^}
echo $upper # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: HELLO WORLD!<\/p>
# K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harfe \u00e7evirme
lower=${myVar,,}
echo $lower # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: hello world!<\/p>
# Alt metin de\u011fi\u015ftirme
replace=${myVar\/World\/Buddy}
echo $replace # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: Hello Buddy!<\/p>
# Alt metin \u00e7\u0131karma (dilim)
slice=${myVar:6:5}
echo $slice # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: World
```<\/p>
# KULLANICI ETK\u0130LE\u015e\u0130MLER\u0130<\/p>
## Kullan\u0131c\u0131dan Veri Alma<\/p>
### Temel Veri Alma:
```bash
read var_name
echo \u201cGirdi\u011finiz: $var_name\u201d
# \u00d6rnek \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: (Kullan\u0131c\u0131 \u201cJohn\u201d yazar)
# Girdi\u011finiz: John
```<\/p>
### \u0130stemle Veri Alma:
```bash
read -p \u201cAd\u0131n\u0131z: \u201c NAME
echo \u201cMerhaba, $NAME!\u201d
# \u00d6rnek \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131:
# Ad\u0131n\u0131z: John
# Merhaba, John!
```<\/p>
Temel Farklar:
- Temel Veri Alma: \u0130stem olmadan veri al\u0131r
- \u0130stemli Veri Alma: Kullan\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 y\u00f6nlendiren bir istem g\u00f6sterir<\/p>
## Aritmetik \u0130\u015flemler<\/p>
### let Komutu Kullan\u0131m\u0131:
```bash
# Art\u0131rma
let a++ # a de\u011ferini 1 art\u0131r\u0131r
```<\/p>
# Kabuk Programlamada Ko\u015fullu \u0130fadeler ve \u0130\u015flemler<\/p>
## Aritmetik \u0130\u015flemler<\/p>
### \u00c7arpma ile Atama:
```bash
# let kullanarak
let a=5*10
echo $a # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: 50<\/p>
# (( )) kullanarak
((a=5*10))
echo $a # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: 50
```<\/p>
### Karma\u015f\u0131k Hesaplamalar:
```bash
echo $((5 * (3 + 2))) # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: 25
```<\/p>
Not: `let` geleneksel, `(( ))` ise daha modern ve karma\u015f\u0131k aritmetik ifadelere izin verir.<\/p>
## Ko\u015fullu \u0130fadeler<\/p>
### if \u0130fadesi:
```bash
if ; then
echo \u201ca, b\u2019den b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr\u201d
fi
```<\/p>
### if-else \u0130fadesi:
```bash
if ; then
echo \u201ca, b\u2019den b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr\u201d
else
echo \u201ca, b\u2019den b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fildir\u201d
fi
```<\/p>
### elif (else if) \u0130fadesi:
```bash
if ; then
echo \u201ca, b\u2019den b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr\u201d
elif ; then
echo \u201ca, b\u2019ye e\u015fittir\u201d
else
echo \u201ca, b\u2019den k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr\u201d
fi
```<\/p>
### case \u0130fadesi:
```bash
case $a in
a) echo \u201ca de\u011feri 1\u201d ;;
b) echo \u201ca de\u011feri 2\u201d ;;
*) echo \u201ca de\u011feri ne 1 ne de 2\u201d ;;
esac
```<\/p>
## Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma Operat\u00f6rleri<\/p>
- **E\u015fittir**: `-eq` veya `==`
```bash
```<\/p>
- **B\u00fcy\u00fck E\u015fittir**: `-ge`
```bash
```<\/p>
- **K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck E\u015fittir**: `-le`
```bash
```<\/p>
- **E\u015fit De\u011fildir**: `-ne` veya `!=`
```bash
```<\/p>
- **B\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr**: `-gt`
```bash
```<\/p>
- **K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr**: `-lt`
```bash
```<\/p>
# Mant\u0131ksal Operat\u00f6rler ve D\u00f6ng\u00fcler<\/p>
## Mant\u0131ksal Operat\u00f6rler<\/p>
### && (VE) Operat\u00f6r\u00fc:
```bash
a=10
b=5
if && ; then
echo \u201cHer iki ko\u015ful da do\u011fru\u201d
else
echo \u201cBir veya her iki ko\u015ful yanl\u0131\u015f\u201d
fi
```<\/p>
### || (VEYA) Operat\u00f6r\u00fc:
```bash
a=10
b=15
if || ; then
echo \u201cEn az bir ko\u015ful do\u011fru\u201d
else
echo \u201cHi\u00e7bir ko\u015ful do\u011fru de\u011fil\u201d
fi
```<\/p>
### && ve || Operat\u00f6rlerini Birle\u015ftirme:
```bash
a=10
b=5
c=15
if && || ; then
echo \u201cKo\u015ful sa\u011fland\u0131\u201d
else
echo \u201cKo\u015ful sa\u011flanmad\u0131\u201d
fi
```<\/p>
A\u00e7\u0131klama:
- `&&` her iki ko\u015fulun da do\u011fru olmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir
- `||` ilk ko\u015ful ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olursa ikinci ko\u015fulu kontrol eder<\/p>
### \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc Operat\u00f6r (Tek Sat\u0131rl\u0131k If-Else):
```bash
a=10
&& echo \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck\u201d || echo \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck De\u011fil\u201d
```<\/p>
## D\u00f6ng\u00fcler<\/p>
### For D\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc
Liste veya de\u011fer aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde yineleme yapar.<\/p>
Temel S\u00f6zdizimi:
```bash
for item in liste; do
# Her \u00f6\u011fe i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacak komutlar
done
```<\/p>
\u00d6rnek:
```bash
for i in 1 2 3; do
echo \u201cSay\u0131: $i\u201d
done
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131:
# Say\u0131: 1
# Say\u0131: 2
# Say\u0131: 3
```<\/p>
Aral\u0131k \u00d6rne\u011fi:
```bash
for i in {1..3}; do
echo \u201cSaya\u00e7: $i\u201d
done
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131:
# Saya\u00e7: 1
# Saya\u00e7: 2
# Saya\u00e7: 3
```<\/p>
### While D\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc
Belirtilen ko\u015ful do\u011fru oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>
S\u00f6zdizimi:
```bash
while ; do
# \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacak komutlar
done
```<\/p>
\u00d6rnek:
```bash
count=1
while ; do
echo \u201cSaya\u00e7: $count\u201d
((count++)) # Sayac\u0131 art\u0131r
done
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131:
# Saya\u00e7: 1
# Saya\u00e7: 2
# Saya\u00e7: 3
```<\/p>
# D\u00f6ng\u00fc T\u00fcrleri ve Kullan\u0131mlar\u0131<\/p>
## Until D\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc
Ko\u015ful do\u011fru oluncaya kadar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam eder.<\/p>
S\u00f6zdizimi:
```bash
until ; do
# \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacak komutlar
done
```<\/p>
\u00d6rnek:
```bash
count=1
until ; do
echo \u201cSaya\u00e7: $count\u201d
((count++))
done
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131:
# Saya\u00e7: 1
# Saya\u00e7: 2
# Saya\u00e7: 3
```<\/p>
## Sonsuz D\u00f6ng\u00fcler
Manuel olarak durdurulana kadar (\u00f6rn: Ctrl+C) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam eder.<\/p>
### For ile Sonsuz D\u00f6ng\u00fc:
```bash
for (( ; ; )); do
echo \u201cBu bir sonsuz d\u00f6ng\u00fcd\u00fcr\u201d
done
```<\/p>
### While ile Sonsuz D\u00f6ng\u00fc:
```bash
while :; do
echo \u201cWhile ile sonsuz d\u00f6ng\u00fc\u201d
done
```<\/p>
### Until ile Sonsuz D\u00f6ng\u00fc:
```bash
until false; do
echo \u201cUntil ile sonsuz d\u00f6ng\u00fc\u201d
done
```<\/p>
## Select D\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc
Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n bir listeden se\u00e7im yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan basit bir men\u00fc sistemi olu\u015fturur.<\/p>
S\u00f6zdizimi:
```bash
select se\u00e7enek in liste; do
# Kullan\u0131c\u0131 se\u00e7imine g\u00f6re komutlar
done
```<\/p>
\u00d6rnek:
```bash
PS3=\u201dBir meyve se\u00e7in: \u201c
select meyve in Elma Muz Portakal \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f; do
case $meyve in
Elma) echo \u201cElma\u2019y\u0131 se\u00e7tiniz\u201d;;
Muz) echo \u201cMuz\u2019u se\u00e7tiniz\u201d;;
Portakal) echo \u201cPortakal\u2019\u0131 se\u00e7tiniz\u201d;;
\u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f) break;;
*) echo \u201cGe\u00e7ersiz se\u00e7enek\u201d;;
esac
done
```<\/p>
\u00d6rnek \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131:
```
1) Elma
2) Muz
3) Portakal
4) \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f
Bir meyve se\u00e7in: 2
Muz\u2019u se\u00e7tiniz
```<\/p>
A\u00e7\u0131klama:
- `PS3` istem mesaj\u0131n\u0131 belirler
- `select` d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc se\u00e7enekleri g\u00f6sterir ve her se\u00e7im ilgili case ifadesini \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r
- `break` komutu kullan\u0131c\u0131 \u201c\u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u201d\u0131 se\u00e7ti\u011finde d\u00f6ng\u00fcden \u00e7\u0131kar<\/p>
## D\u00f6ng\u00fc T\u00fcrlerinin \u00d6zeti
- **For D\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc**: Liste veya aral\u0131k \u00fczerinde yineleme yapar
- **While D\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc**: Ko\u015ful do\u011fru oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece devam eder
- **Until D\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc**: Ko\u015ful do\u011fru oluncaya kadar devam eder
- **Sonsuz D\u00f6ng\u00fc**: Kesintiye u\u011frat\u0131lana kadar \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r
- **Select D\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc**: Kullan\u0131c\u0131 se\u00e7imi i\u00e7in men\u00fc g\u00f6sterir<\/p>
\ud83d\udca1 **\u0130pucu**: D\u00f6ng\u00fcler tekrarlayan g\u00f6revleri otomatikle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ara\u00e7lard\u0131r. Dosyalar, diziler veya aral\u0131klar \u00fczerinde yineleme yapmak gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilirler. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir dizindeki t\u00fcm dosyalar\u0131 yeniden adland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in d\u00f6ng\u00fc kullanabilirsiniz.<\/p>
# Kabuk Programlamada Fonksiyonlar<\/p>
## 1. Fonksiyon Tan\u0131mlama
\u0130ki farkl\u0131 s\u00f6zdizimi kullan\u0131labilir:
```bash
function fonksiyon_ad\u0131 {
# kodlar
}
# veya
fonksiyon_ad\u0131() {
# kodlar
}
```<\/p>
## 2. Temel Fonksiyon
```bash
selamla() {
echo \u201cMerhaba, kabuk beti\u011fine ho\u015f geldiniz!\u201d
}
selamla # Fonksiyonu \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rma
```<\/p>
## 3. Parametreli Fonksiyonlar
```bash
kullanici_selamla() {
echo \u201cMerhaba, $1!\u201d
}
kullanici_selamla \u201cAhmet\u201d
```<\/p>
## 4. D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f De\u011ferleri
```bash
sayilari_topla() {
sonuc=$(( $1 + $2 ))
echo $sonuc
}
toplam=$(sayilari_topla 3 5)
echo \u201cToplam: $toplam\u201d
```<\/p>
## 5. Ko\u015fullu Mant\u0131k ve D\u00f6ng\u00fcler
```bash
cift_kontrol() {
if (( $1 % 2 == 0 )); then
echo \u201c$1 \u00e7ift say\u0131d\u0131r\u201d
else
echo \u201c$1 tek say\u0131d\u0131r\u201d
fi
}
cift_kontrol 7 # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: \u201c7 tek say\u0131d\u0131r\u201d
```<\/p>
## 7. Varsay\u0131lan De\u011ferler
```bash
selamla() {
local isim=${1:-Misafir}
echo \u201cMerhaba, $isim!\u201d
}
selamla \u201cAhmet\u201d # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: \u201cMerhaba, Ahmet!\u201d
selamla # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: \u201cMerhaba, Misafir!\u201d
```<\/p>
## 8. Referans ile Parametre Ge\u00e7me
```bash
deger_degistir() {
eval $1=\\$2
}
deger_degistir degisken 100
echo \u201cDe\u011fi\u015fkenin yeni de\u011feri: $degisken\u201d
```<\/p>
## 9. Arg\u00fcman Ge\u00e7me
### Konumsal Arg\u00fcmanlar ($1, $2, $3, vb.)
```bash
selamla() {
echo \u201cMerhaba, $1! $2 ya\u015f\u0131ndas\u0131n.\u201d
}
selamla \u201cAhmet\u201d 25
```<\/p>
### T\u00fcm Arg\u00fcmanlar ($@)
```bash
hepsini_yazdir() {
for arg in \u201c$@\u201d; do
echo \u201c$arg\u201d
done
}
hepsini_yazdir \u201cElma\u201d \u201cArmut\u201d \u201cKiraz\u201d
```<\/p>
### Tek String Olarak T\u00fcm Arg\u00fcmanlar ($*)
```bash
string_olarak_yazdir() {
echo \u201c$*\u201d
}
string_olarak_yazdir \u201cElma\u201d \u201cArmut\u201d \u201cKiraz\u201d
```<\/p>
### Arg\u00fcman Say\u0131s\u0131 ($#)
```bash
arguman_say() {
echo \u201cArg\u00fcman say\u0131s\u0131: $#\u201d
}
arguman_say \u201cElma\u201d \u201cArmut\u201d \u201cKiraz\u201d
```<\/p>
## \u00d6zet
- Fonksiyonlar kodu d\u00fczenli ve yeniden kullan\u0131labilir hale getirir
- Arg\u00fcmanlar $1, $2 vb. ile eri\u015filebilir ve varsay\u0131lan de\u011ferler atanabilir
- Fonksiyonlar i\u00e7inde d\u00f6ng\u00fcler ve ko\u015fullar kullan\u0131labilir
- Fonksiyonlar echo ile de\u011fer d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr ve bu de\u011ferler de\u011fi\u015fkenlerde saklanabilir.<\/p>
# Kabuk Programlamada \u00d6zel Komutlar ve Kontrol Yap\u0131lar\u0131<\/p>
## shift Operat\u00f6r\u00fc
Konumsal parametreleri (arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131) sola kayd\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>
S\u00f6zdizimi:
```bash
shift # Bir pozisyon sola kayd\u0131r\u0131r
shift n # n pozisyon sola kayd\u0131r\u0131r
```<\/p>
### \u00d6rnek 1: Tek Pozisyon Kayd\u0131rma
```bash
kaydirma_ornegi() {
echo \u201cOrijinal arg\u00fcmanlar: $1, $2, $3\u201d
shift
echo \u201cKayd\u0131rma sonras\u0131: $1, $2, $3\u201d
}
kaydirma_ornegi \u201cbir\u201d \u201ciki\u201d \u201c\u00fc\u00e7\u201d
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131:
# Orijinal arg\u00fcmanlar: bir, iki, \u00fc\u00e7
# Kayd\u0131rma sonras\u0131: iki, \u00fc\u00e7
```<\/p>
### \u00d6rnek 2: \u00c7oklu Kayd\u0131rma
```bash
coklu_kaydirma() {
echo \u201cOrijinal arg\u00fcmanlar: $1, $2, $3, $4\u201d
shift 2
echo \u201c2 kez kayd\u0131rma sonras\u0131: $1, $2\u201d
}
coklu_kaydirma \u201celma\u201d \u201carmut\u201d \u201ckiraz\u201d \u201cerik\u201d
```<\/p>
### \u00d6rnek 3: D\u00f6ng\u00fc ile Kullan\u0131m
```bash
argumanlari_isle() {
while ; do
echo \u201c\u0130\u015flenen arg\u00fcman: $1\u201d
shift
done
}
argumanlari_isle \u201carg1\u201d \u201carg2\u201d \u201carg3\u201d \u201carg4\u201d
```<\/p>
## Kontrol Komutlar\u0131<\/p>
### 1. break Komutu
D\u00f6ng\u00fcy\u00fc erken sonland\u0131r\u0131r.
```bash
for i in {1..5}; do
if ; then
break
fi
echo $i
done
```<\/p>
### 2. continue Komutu
Mevcut d\u00f6ng\u00fc iterasyonunu atlar.
```bash
for i in {1..5}; do
if ; then
continue
fi
echo $i
done
```<\/p>
### 3. \u0130\u00e7 \u0130\u00e7e D\u00f6ng\u00fclerde break ve continue
```bash
for i in {1..3}; do
for j in {1..3}; do
if && ; then
break 2 # \u0130ki seviye d\u00f6ng\u00fcden \u00e7\u0131kar
fi
echo \u201ci=$i, j=$j\u201d
done
done
```<\/p>
### 4. sleep Komutu
Beti\u011fi belirli bir s\u00fcre duraklat\u0131r.
```bash
sleep 5 # 5 saniye bekler
```<\/p>
# Temel Komutlar ve Geni\u015fletme \u00d6zellikleri<\/p>
## Kontrol Komutlar\u0131<\/p>
### 1. exit Komutu
Beti\u011fi durum koduyla sonland\u0131r\u0131r (0: ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131, 0 d\u0131\u015f\u0131: hata)
```bash
exit 1 # Hata durumuyla \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f
```<\/p>
### 2. $? (Son Komut \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f Durumu)
Son \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan komutun \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f durumunu saklar
```bash
mkdir myklasor
echo $? # Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131ysa 0, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zsa 1 d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr
```<\/p>
## seq Komutu
Say\u0131 dizileri olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>
### Temel Kullan\u0131m:
```bash
# 1'den 5'e kadar say\u0131lar
seq 1 5
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: 1 2 3 4 5<\/p>
# \u00d6zel ad\u0131m boyutu (1'den 10'a 2'\u015fer artarak)
seq 1 2 10
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: 1 3 5 7 9<\/p>
# Ondal\u0131k say\u0131lar
seq 0 0.2 1
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0<\/p>
# Ters s\u0131ralama
seq 5 -1 1
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: 5 4 3 2 1
```<\/p>
### D\u00f6ng\u00fc ile Kullan\u0131m:
```bash
for i in $(seq 1 5); do
echo \u201cSay\u0131: $i\u201d
done
```<\/p>
### seq Se\u00e7enekleri:
```bash
# Bi\u00e7imlendirme (-f)
seq -f \u201cSay\u0131: %.2f\u201d 1 5
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: Say\u0131: 1.00 Say\u0131: 2.00 \u2026<\/p>
# Ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirme (-s)
seq -s \u201c,\u201d 1 5
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: 1,2,3,4,5<\/p>
# S\u0131f\u0131rla doldurma (-w)
seq -w 1 5
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: 01 02 03 04 05
```<\/p>
## S\u00fcsl\u00fc Parantez Geni\u015fletmesi
Tek bir ifadeden birden \u00e7ok metin dizisi olu\u015fturma \u00f6zelli\u011fi.<\/p>
### Temel \u00d6rnekler:
```bash
# Kelime listesi
echo {elma,armut,kiraz}
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: elma armut kiraz<\/p>
# Say\u0131 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131
echo {1..5}
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: 1 2 3 4 5<\/p>
# Harf aral\u0131\u011f\u0131
echo {a..e}
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: a b c d e
```<\/p>
# S\u00fcsl\u00fc Parantez Geni\u015fletmesi ve getops Komutu<\/p>
## Geli\u015fmi\u015f S\u00fcsl\u00fc Parantez Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/p>
### Ad\u0131m Boyutlu Aral\u0131k:
```bash
echo {1..10..2}
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: 1 3 5 7 9
```<\/p>
### Metin ile De\u011fi\u015fken Birle\u015ftirme:
```bash
echo dosya{1..3}.txt
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: dosya1.txt dosya2.txt dosya3.txt
```<\/p>
### \u0130\u00e7 \u0130\u00e7e Geni\u015fletme:
```bash
echo {A,B}{1,2}
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: A1 A2 B1 B2
```<\/p>
### \u00c7oklu Eleman Geni\u015fletme:
```bash
echo {A,B,C}{1,2,3}
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3
```<\/p>
### Dosya ve Dizinlerle Kullan\u0131m:
```bash
mkdir klasor{1,2,3}
# klasor1, klasor2 ve klasor3 dizinlerini olu\u015fturur
```<\/p>
## getopts Komutu
Komut sat\u0131r\u0131 se\u00e7eneklerini (bayraklar\u0131) i\u015flemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>
### Temel S\u00f6zdizimi:
```bash
getopts \u201csecenek_dizisi\u201d degisken
```<\/p>
### \u00d6rnek 1: Basit Se\u00e7enek \u0130\u015fleme
```bash
#!\/bin\/bash
while getopts \u201cab\u201d secenek; do
case $secenek in
a) echo \u201cA se\u00e7ene\u011fi se\u00e7ildi\u201d ;;
b) echo \u201cB se\u00e7ene\u011fi se\u00e7ildi\u201d ;;
\\?) echo \u201cGe\u00e7ersiz se\u00e7enek\u201d; exit 1 ;;
esac
done<\/p>
# Kullan\u0131m:
# .\/betik.sh -a
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: A se\u00e7ene\u011fi se\u00e7ildi
```<\/p>
### \u00d6rnek 2: Arg\u00fcmanl\u0131 Se\u00e7enekler
```bash
#!\/bin\/bash
while getopts \u201cf:n:\u201d secenek; do
case $secenek in
f) echo \u201cF se\u00e7ene\u011fi se\u00e7ildi, arg\u00fcman: $OPTARG\u201d ;;
n) echo \u201cN se\u00e7ene\u011fi se\u00e7ildi, arg\u00fcman: $OPTARG\u201d ;;
\\?) echo \u201cGe\u00e7ersiz se\u00e7enek\u201d; exit 1 ;;
esac
done<\/p>
# Kullan\u0131m:
# .\/betik.sh -f dosya.txt
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: F se\u00e7ene\u011fi se\u00e7ildi, arg\u00fcman: dosya.txt
```<\/p>
### \u00d6rnek 3: Uzun Se\u00e7eneklerle Kullan\u0131m
```bash
#!\/bin\/bash
while getopts \u201cf:n:\u201d secenek; do
case $secenek in
f) echo \u201cDosya se\u00e7ene\u011fi: $OPTARG\u201d ;;
n) echo \u201c\u0130sim se\u00e7ene\u011fi: $OPTARG\u201d ;;
\\?) echo \u201cGe\u00e7ersiz se\u00e7enek\u201d; exit 1 ;;
esac
done<\/p>
# Kullan\u0131m:
# .\/betik.sh -f metin.txt -n Ahmet
```<\/p>
# Geli\u015fmi\u015f Komut Sat\u0131r\u0131 \u0130\u015flemleri ve \u00d6rnek Proje<\/p>
## getopts Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/p>
### \u00d6rnek 4: \u00c7oklu Arg\u00fcman ve Se\u00e7enek \u0130\u015fleme
```bash
#!\/bin\/bash
while getopts \u201ca:b:c:\u201d secenek; do
case $secenek in
a) echo \u201cA se\u00e7ene\u011fi de\u011feri: $OPTARG\u201d ;;
b) echo \u201cB se\u00e7ene\u011fi de\u011feri: $OPTARG\u201d ;;
c) echo \u201cC se\u00e7ene\u011fi de\u011feri: $OPTARG\u201d ;;
\\?) echo \u201cGe\u00e7ersiz se\u00e7enek\u201d; exit 1 ;;
esac
done
```<\/p>
## Dosya \u0130\u015fleme Komutlar\u0131<\/p>
### basename
```bash
# Dosya ad\u0131n\u0131 yoldan ay\u0131r\u0131r
basename \/home\/kullanici\/dosya.txt # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: dosya.txt
basename \/home\/kullanici\/dosya.txt .txt # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: dosya
```<\/p>
### dirname
```bash
# Dizin yolunu d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr
dirname \/home\/kullanici\/dosya.txt # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: \/home\/kullanici
```<\/p>
### realpath
```bash
# Mutlak yolu d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr
realpath dosya.txt # \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131: \/home\/kullanici\/belgeler\/dosya.txt
```<\/p>
## Dosya ve Dizin Kontrolleri
```bash
if ; then
echo \u201cDizin mevcut\u201d
fi<\/p>
if ; then
echo \u201cDosya mevcut de\u011fil\u201d
fi
```<\/p>
## nohup Kullan\u0131m\u0131
```bash
# Arka planda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma
nohup .\/betik.sh &<\/p>
# \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131y\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirme
nohup .\/betik.sh > \/dev\/null 2>&1 &<\/p>
# \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015flemleri kontrol etme
ps aux | grep betik.sh
```<\/p>
## \u00d6rnek Proje: Hesap Makinesi
```bash
#!\/bin\/bash<\/p>
# Toplama fonksiyonu
topla() {
echo \u201cSonu\u00e7: $(($1 + $2))\u201d
}<\/p>
# \u00c7\u0131karma fonksiyonu
cikar() {
echo \u201cSonu\u00e7: $(($1 \u2014 $2))\u201d
}<\/p>
# \u00c7arpma fonksiyonu
carp() {
echo \u201cSonu\u00e7: $(($1 * $2))\u201d
}<\/p>
# B\u00f6lme fonksiyonu
bol() {
if ; then
echo \u201cHata: S\u0131f\u0131ra b\u00f6lme hatas\u0131!\u201d
else
echo \u201cSonu\u00e7: $(($1 \/ $2))\u201d
fi
}<\/p>
# Men\u00fc
echo \u201cBasit Hesap Makinesi\u201d
echo \u201c\u0130\u015flem se\u00e7in:\u201d
echo \u201c1. Toplama\u201d
echo \u201c2. \u00c7\u0131karma\u201d
echo \u201c3. \u00c7arpma\u201d
echo \u201c4. B\u00f6lme\u201d<\/p>
read -p \u201cSe\u00e7iminiz (1\/2\/3\/4): \u201c secim
read -p \u201c\u0130lk say\u0131: \u201c sayi1
read -p \u201c\u0130kinci say\u0131: \u201c sayi2<\/p>
case $secim in
1) topla $sayi1 $sayi2 ;;
2) cikar $sayi1 $sayi2 ;;
3) carp $sayi1 $sayi2 ;;
4) bol $sayi1 $sayi2 ;;
*) echo \u201cGe\u00e7ersiz se\u00e7im\u201d ;;
esac
```<\/p>
# Hesap Makinesi Beti\u011fi \u2014 Kurulum ve Kullan\u0131m<\/p>
## Kurulum Ad\u0131mlar\u0131<\/p>
### 1. Beti\u011fi \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir Yapma
```bash
chmod +x calculator.sh
```<\/p>
### 2. Beti\u011fi \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma
```bash
.\/calculator.sh
```<\/p>
## Beti\u011fin \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Mant\u0131\u011f\u0131
- Kullan\u0131c\u0131dan bir i\u015flem se\u00e7mesini ister (toplama, \u00e7\u0131karma, \u00e7arpma, b\u00f6lme)
- \u0130ki say\u0131 girmesini bekler
- Se\u00e7ilen i\u015flemi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir
- B\u00f6lme i\u015fleminde s\u0131f\u0131ra b\u00f6lme kontrol\u00fc yapar<\/p>
## \u00d6rnek \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma
```
$ .\/calculator.sh
Basit Hesap Makinesi
\u0130\u015flem se\u00e7in:
1. Toplama
2. \u00c7\u0131karma
3. \u00c7arpma
4. B\u00f6lme
Se\u00e7iminiz (1\/2\/3\/4): 1
\u0130lk say\u0131: 10
\u0130kinci say\u0131: 5
Sonu\u00e7: 15
```<\/p>
## Geli\u015ftirme \u00d6nerileri
Bu basit projeyi \u015fu \u00f6zelliklerle geli\u015ftirebilirsiniz:
- Karek\u00f6k alma ve \u00fcs alma gibi ileri matematik i\u015flemleri
- S\u00fcrekli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir d\u00f6ng\u00fc ile tekrarl\u0131 hesaplama
- Ondal\u0131kl\u0131 say\u0131 deste\u011fi
- Hata kontrollerinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131
- Ge\u00e7mi\u015f i\u015flemleri kaydetme
- Bilimsel hesap makinesi \u00f6zellikleri<\/p>
Bu proje, kabuk programlamada temel kavramlar\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in iyi bir \u00f6rnektir:
- Ko\u015fullu ifadeler
- Kullan\u0131c\u0131 girdisi alma
- Matematiksel i\u015flemler
- Fonksiyon kullan\u0131m\u0131
- Hata kontrol\u00fc<\/p>","excerpt":"## Kabuk Programlama (Shell Scripting) Nedir?Kabuk programlama, Linux ortam\u0131nda komutlar yazarak ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak g\u00f6revleri otomatikle\u015ftirmenizi ve d\u00fczenlemenizi sa\u011flayan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir programlama y\u00f6ntemidir. \u00d6zellikle \u015fu alanlarda de\u011ferlidir:- Sistem y\u00f6netimi- G\u00f6rev otomatizasyonu- Verimlili\u011fi...","created_at":"2024-12-29 11:38:07","updated_at":"2026-09-23 16:36:20","category_id":10,"view_count":587,"reading_time":17,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2024-12-29 11:38:07","featured_image":"resimyok.jpg","slug":"kabuk-programlamaya-giris","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix"}