[{"id":385,"title":"Debian Seri Konsol (RS232\/COM Port) GRUB Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 - Windows WSL2 ile D\u00fczenleme","content":"<p>Embedded sistemler, sunucular veya headless (monit&ouml;rs&uuml;z) bilgisayarlarda Debian kurulumu yaparken seri konsol (RS232\/COM port) &uuml;zerinden eri\u015fim sa\u011flamak yayg\u0131n bir ihtiya&ccedil;t\u0131r. Ancak kurulum s\u0131ras\u0131nda seri konsol deste\u011fi aktif olsa bile, GRUB bootloader'\u0131n varsay\u0131lan olarak VGA &ccedil;\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na y&ouml;nlendirilmi\u015f olmas\u0131, boot sonras\u0131 seri konsol &uuml;zerinden sisteme eri\u015fimi engelleyebilir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Senaryo<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Durum:<\/strong> Debian kurulumu seri konsol &uuml;zerinden ba\u015far\u0131yla tamamland\u0131<\/li>\n<li><strong>Problem:<\/strong> Reboot sonras\u0131 GRUB men&uuml;s&uuml; VGA &ccedil;\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na gidiyor, seri konsoldan g&ouml;r&uuml;nm&uuml;yor<\/li>\n<li><strong>&Ccedil;&ouml;z&uuml;m:<\/strong> GRUB'\u0131 seri konsol i&ccedil;in yap\u0131land\u0131rma<\/li>\n<li><strong>Y&ouml;ntem:<\/strong> Windows WSL2 kullanarak diski mount edip yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 d&uuml;zenleme<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Gereksinimler<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Windows 10 (2004 ve &uuml;zeri) veya Windows 11<\/li>\n<li>WSL2 kurulu ve aktif<\/li>\n<li>Y&ouml;netici (Administrator) yetkisi<\/li>\n<li>Debian kurulu USB\/harici disk<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Ad\u0131m 1: WSL2 Kurulumu (E\u011fer Kurulu De\u011filse)<\/h2>\n<p>PowerShell'i y&ouml;netici olarak a&ccedil;\u0131n ve \u015fu komutu &ccedil;al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-powershell\">wsl --install\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Kurulum tamamland\u0131ktan sonra bilgisayar\u0131 yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n.<\/p>\n<p>WSL2 versiyonunu kontrol edin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-powershell\">wsl --version\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>Ad\u0131m 2: Debian Diskini Tespit Etme<\/h2>\n<p>PowerShell'i <strong>y&ouml;netici olarak<\/strong> a&ccedil;\u0131n ve sistemdeki t&uuml;m diskleri listeleyin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-powershell\">wmic diskdrive list brief\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>&Ouml;rnek &Ccedil;\u0131kt\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code>Caption                           DeviceID            Model                             Partitions  Size\nKXG6AZNV512G TOSHIBA              \\\\.\\PHYSICALDRIVE0  KXG6AZNV512G TOSHIBA              3           512105932800\nTOSHIBA STOR.E ALU 2S USB Device  \\\\.\\PHYSICALDRIVE1  TOSHIBA STOR.E ALU 2S USB Device  2           240054796800\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu &ouml;rnekte Debian kurulu disk <strong>PHYSICALDRIVE1<\/strong> &uuml;zerinde.<\/p>\n<h2>Ad\u0131m 3: Diski WSL2'ye Ba\u011flama<\/h2>\n<p>Tespit etti\u011finiz diski WSL2'ye mount edin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-powershell\">wsl --mount \\\\.\\PHYSICALDRIVE1 --bare\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>&Ccedil;\u0131kt\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code>The operation completed successfully.\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><code>--bare<\/code> parametresi diski ham olarak ba\u011flar, b&ouml;ylece t&uuml;m b&ouml;l&uuml;mlere eri\u015febilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<h2>Ad\u0131m 4: WSL Terminaline Ge&ccedil;i\u015f<\/h2>\n<pre><code class=\"language-powershell\">wsl\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Art\u0131k Linux terminal ortam\u0131ndas\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n<h2>Ad\u0131m 5: Disk B&ouml;l&uuml;mlerini G&ouml;r&uuml;nt&uuml;leme<\/h2>\n<p>Ba\u011flanan diskin b&ouml;l&uuml;mlerini kontrol edin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">lsblk\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>&Ouml;rnek &Ccedil;\u0131kt\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code>NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS\nsda      8:0    0 388.4M  1 disk\nsdb      8:16   0   186M  1 disk\nsdc      8:32   0     4G  0 disk [SWAP]\nsdd      8:48   0 223.6G  0 disk\n\u251c\u2500sdd1   8:49   0 219.6G  0 part\n\u251c\u2500sdd2   8:50   0     1K  0 part\n\u2514\u2500sdd5   8:53   0     4G  0 part\nsde      8:64   0     1T  0 disk \/mnt\/wslg\/distro\n                                 \/\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Bu &ouml;rnekte:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>sdd<\/strong> &rarr; Ana disk (223.6G)<\/li>\n<li><strong>sdd1<\/strong> &rarr; Debian root b&ouml;l&uuml;m&uuml; (219.6G)<\/li>\n<li><strong>sdd5<\/strong> &rarr; Swap b&ouml;l&uuml;m&uuml; (4G)<\/li>\n<li><strong>sdc<\/strong> &rarr; Ayr\u0131 bir swap alan\u0131 (4G)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Ad\u0131m 6: Debian Root B&ouml;l&uuml;m&uuml;n&uuml; Mount Etme<\/h2>\n<p>Mount noktas\u0131 olu\u015fturun:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo mkdir -p \/mnt\/debian\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Root b&ouml;l&uuml;m&uuml;n&uuml; mount edin (bizim &ouml;rne\u011fimizde <code>sdd1<\/code>):<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo mount \/dev\/sdd1 \/mnt\/debian\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">ls \/mnt\/debian\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>Beklenen &Ccedil;\u0131kt\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code>bin  boot  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>E\u011fer bu klas&ouml;rleri g&ouml;r&uuml;yorsan\u0131z, do\u011fru b&ouml;l&uuml;m&uuml; mount ettiniz.<\/p>\n<h2>Ad\u0131m 7: GRUB Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Dosyas\u0131n\u0131 D&uuml;zenleme<\/h2>\n<p>GRUB'\u0131n ana yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131 <code>\/etc\/default\/grub<\/code> konumundad\u0131r:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo nano \/mnt\/debian\/etc\/default\/grub\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Parametreleri<\/h3>\n<p>Dosyaya a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131rlar\u0131 ekleyin veya mevcut olanlar\u0131 d&uuml;zenleyin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># Seri terminal ve konsol &ccedil;\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 etkinle\u015ftir\nGRUB_TERMINAL=\"serial console\"\n\n# Seri port ayarlar\u0131\n# --speed=115200 : Baud rate (veri h\u0131z\u0131)\n# --unit=0       : \u0130lk seri port (COM1\/ttyS0)\n# --word=8       : 8 veri biti\n# --parity=no    : Parite kontrol&uuml; yok\n# --stop=1       : 1 stop bit\nGRUB_SERIAL_COMMAND=\"serial --speed=115200 --unit=0 --word=8 --parity=no --stop=1\"\n\n# Kernel parametreleri - hem VGA hem seri konsola &ccedil;\u0131kt\u0131 g&ouml;nder\nGRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=\"console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8\"\n\n# GRUB men&uuml; timeout s&uuml;resi (saniye)\nGRUB_TIMEOUT=5\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Parametre A&ccedil;\u0131klamalar\u0131<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Parametre<\/th>\n<th>A&ccedil;\u0131klama<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>GRUB_TERMINAL=\"serial console\"<\/code><\/td>\n<td>Hem seri hem VGA &ccedil;\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 aktif eder<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>GRUB_TERMINAL=\"serial\"<\/code><\/td>\n<td>Sadece seri konsol (VGA yok)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>console=tty0<\/code><\/td>\n<td>VGA konsol &ccedil;\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>console=ttyS0,115200n8<\/code><\/td>\n<td>Seri konsol (ttyS0 = COM1)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>115200n8<\/code><\/td>\n<td>115200 baud, parite yok, 8 bit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Farkl\u0131 COM Portlar\u0131<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>COM Port<\/th>\n<th>Linux Device<\/th>\n<th>Unit Numaras\u0131<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>COM1<\/td>\n<td>ttyS0<\/td>\n<td>--unit=0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>COM2<\/td>\n<td>ttyS1<\/td>\n<td>--unit=1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>COM3<\/td>\n<td>ttyS2<\/td>\n<td>--unit=2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>COM4<\/td>\n<td>ttyS3<\/td>\n<td>--unit=3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Kaydetme:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ctrl+O<\/strong> &rarr; Kaydet<\/li>\n<li><strong>Enter<\/strong> &rarr; Onayla<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ctrl+X<\/strong> &rarr; &Ccedil;\u0131k<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Ad\u0131m 8: Chroot ile GRUB'\u0131 G&uuml;ncelleme<\/h2>\n<p>GRUB yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d&uuml;zenlemek yeterli de\u011fildir. <code>update-grub<\/code> komutu ile ger&ccedil;ek GRUB yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131n\u0131 (<code>grub.cfg<\/code>) olu\u015fturmal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n<h3>Sistem Dizinlerini Ba\u011flama<\/h3>\n<p>Chroot i\u015fleminin d&uuml;zg&uuml;n &ccedil;al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i&ccedil;in gerekli sistem dizinlerini ba\u011flay\u0131n:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo mount --bind \/dev \/mnt\/debian\/dev\nsudo mount --bind \/dev\/pts \/mnt\/debian\/dev\/pts\nsudo mount --bind \/proc \/mnt\/debian\/proc\nsudo mount --bind \/sys \/mnt\/debian\/sys\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Chroot Ortam\u0131na Giri\u015f<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo chroot \/mnt\/debian\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Art\u0131k sanki Debian sistemi i&ccedil;indeymi\u015fsiniz gibi komut &ccedil;al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<h3>GRUB'\u0131 G&uuml;ncelleme<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">update-grub\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>&Ouml;rnek &Ccedil;\u0131kt\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code>Generating grub configuration file ...\nFound linux image: \/boot\/vmlinuz-6.1.0-13-amd64\nFound initrd image: \/boot\/initrd.img-6.1.0-13-amd64\nAdding boot menu entry for UEFI Firmware Settings ...\ndone\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Chroot'tan &Ccedil;\u0131k\u0131\u015f<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">exit\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>Ad\u0131m 9: Sistemleri Unmount Etme<\/h2>\n<p>Ters s\u0131rayla t&uuml;m mount i\u015flemlerini geri al\u0131n:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># Bind mount'lar\u0131 kald\u0131r\nsudo umount \/mnt\/debian\/dev\/pts\nsudo umount \/mnt\/debian\/dev\nsudo umount \/mnt\/debian\/proc\nsudo umount \/mnt\/debian\/sys\n\n# Ana b&ouml;l&uuml;m&uuml; unmount et\nsudo umount \/mnt\/debian\n\n# WSL'den &ccedil;\u0131k\nexit\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>Ad\u0131m 10: Diski WSL'den Ay\u0131rma<\/h2>\n<p>PowerShell'de:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-powershell\">wsl --unmount \\\\.\\PHYSICALDRIVE1\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>Ad\u0131m 11: Diski G&uuml;venli &Ccedil;\u0131karma<\/h2>\n<p>Windows g&ouml;rev &ccedil;ubu\u011funda \"Safely Remove Hardware\" ikonuna t\u0131klay\u0131n ve USB diski g&uuml;venli \u015fekilde &ccedil;\u0131kar\u0131n.<\/p>\n<h2>Ad\u0131m 12: Test ve Do\u011frulama<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Diski Debian sistemine tak\u0131n<\/li>\n<li>Seri konsol ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131n (115200 8N1 ayarlar\u0131yla)<\/li>\n<li>Sistemi ba\u015flat\u0131n<\/li>\n<li>GRUB men&uuml;s&uuml;n&uuml;n seri konsol &uuml;zerinden g&ouml;r&uuml;nd&uuml;\u011f&uuml;n&uuml; do\u011frulay\u0131n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Terminal Em&uuml;lat&ouml;r Ayarlar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Baud Rate:<\/strong> 115200<\/li>\n<li><strong>Data Bits:<\/strong> 8<\/li>\n<li><strong>Parity:<\/strong> None<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stop Bits:<\/strong> 1<\/li>\n<li><strong>Flow Control:<\/strong> None<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pop&uuml;ler terminal programlar\u0131:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Windows:<\/strong> PuTTY, TeraTerm, RealTerm<\/li>\n<li><strong>Linux:<\/strong> minicom, screen, picocom<\/li>\n<li><strong>macOS:<\/strong> screen, minicom<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Sorun Giderme<\/h2>\n<h3>GRUB Men&uuml;s&uuml; Hala G&ouml;r&uuml;nm&uuml;yor<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Kontrol 1:<\/strong> GRUB yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulay\u0131n<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo mount \/dev\/sdd1 \/mnt\/debian\ncat \/mnt\/debian\/boot\/grub\/grub.cfg | grep -i serial\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>&Ccedil;\u0131kt\u0131da <code>serial --speed=115200<\/code> gibi sat\u0131rlar g&ouml;rmelisiniz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kontrol 2:<\/strong> Seri port ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulay\u0131n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Do\u011fru COM portu se&ccedil;ildi mi?<\/li>\n<li>Kablo ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 sa\u011flam m\u0131?<\/li>\n<li>Terminal em&uuml;lat&ouml;r ayarlar\u0131 do\u011fru mu?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Chroot S\u0131ras\u0131nda Hata<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Hata:<\/strong> <code>chroot: failed to run command '\/bin\/bash': Exec format error<\/code><\/p>\n<p><strong>&Ccedil;&ouml;z&uuml;m:<\/strong> Farkl\u0131 mimari (ARM vs x86) sorunu olabilir. WSL2'nin x86_64 oldu\u011fundan emin olun:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">uname -m\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Update-grub &Ccedil;al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yor<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Manuel GRUB.CFG D&uuml;zenleme (Ge&ccedil;ici &Ccedil;&ouml;z&uuml;m):<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo nano \/mnt\/debian\/boot\/grub\/grub.cfg\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>En &uuml;ste ekleyin:<\/p>\n<pre><code>serial --speed=115200 --unit=0 --word=8 --parity=no --stop=1\nterminal_input serial console\nterminal_output serial console\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Her <code>linux<\/code> sat\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n sonuna ekleyin:<\/p>\n<pre><code>console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>Not:<\/strong> Bu y&ouml;ntem kernel g&uuml;ncellemelerinde kaybolur, kal\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n<h2>Alternatif Y&ouml;ntemler<\/h2>\n<h3>1. Rescue Mode ile Yap\u0131land\u0131rma<\/h3>\n<p>Kurulum medyas\u0131ndan rescue mode'a girin:<\/p>\n<pre><code>\/install.amd\/vmlinuz vga=normal initrd=\/install.amd\/initrd.gz rescue\/enable=true console=ttyS0,115200n8 ---\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>2. Linux Live USB Kullanma<\/h3>\n<p>Ubuntu veya Debian Live USB ile boot edip diski mount edin.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Direkt Debian Sisteminde<\/h3>\n<p>E\u011fer sistem bir \u015fekilde a&ccedil;\u0131l\u0131yorsa direkt &uuml;zerinde:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo nano \/etc\/default\/grub\nsudo update-grub\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>Geli\u015fmi\u015f Yap\u0131land\u0131rma<\/h2>\n<h3>Sadece Seri Konsol (VGA Yok)<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">GRUB_TERMINAL=serial\nGRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=\"console=ttyS0,115200n8\"\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Farkl\u0131 Baud Rate (&Ouml;rnek: 9600)<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">GRUB_SERIAL_COMMAND=\"serial --speed=9600 --unit=0 --word=8 --parity=no --stop=1\"\nGRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=\"console=tty0 console=ttyS0,9600n8\"\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Timeout Ayarlar\u0131<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">GRUB_TIMEOUT=10        # 10 saniye bekle\nGRUB_TIMEOUT=0         # Direkt boot et\nGRUB_TIMEOUT=-1        # S&uuml;resiz bekle\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>G&uuml;venlik Notlar\u0131<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Yedekleme:<\/strong> \u0130\u015flem &ouml;ncesi &ouml;nemli verilerinizi yedekleyin<\/li>\n<li><strong>Unmount:<\/strong> \u0130\u015flemler bitmeden diski &ccedil;\u0131karmay\u0131n, veri kayb\u0131 olabilir<\/li>\n<li><strong>Yetkilendirme:<\/strong> WSL komutlar\u0131n\u0131 sadece g&uuml;vendi\u011finiz disklerde kullan\u0131n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Do\u011frulama:<\/strong> Her de\u011fi\u015fiklikten sonra yap\u0131land\u0131rmay\u0131 do\u011frulay\u0131n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>&Ouml;zet<\/h2>\n<p>Bu yaz\u0131da Windows 10\/11 &uuml;zerinde WSL2 kullanarak Debian kurulu bir diskin GRUB yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 seri konsol i&ccedil;in nas\u0131l d&uuml;zenleyece\u011finizi &ouml;\u011frendiniz:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u2705 WSL2 ile diski mount etme<\/li>\n<li>\u2705 GRUB yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d&uuml;zenleme<\/li>\n<li>\u2705 Chroot ile GRUB'\u0131 g&uuml;ncelleme<\/li>\n<li>\u2705 G&uuml;venli unmount i\u015flemleri<\/li>\n<li>\u2705 Seri konsol ayarlar\u0131<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Bu y&ouml;ntem sayesinde headless Debian sistemlerinizi Windows ortam\u0131ndan rahatl\u0131kla yap\u0131land\u0131rabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<h2>Kaynaklar<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/software\/grub\/manual\/\">Debian GRUB Manual<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/windows\/wsl\/\">Microsoft WSL Documentation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kernel.org\/doc\/html\/latest\/admin-guide\/serial-console.html\">Serial Console HOWTO<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Lisans ve \u0130leti\u015fim<\/h2>\n<p>Bu makale MIT lisans\u0131 alt\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sorular\u0131n\u0131z i&ccedil;in benimle ileti\u015fime ge&ccedil;ebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>Son G&uuml;ncelleme:<\/strong> Ocak 2026<br><strong>&Ouml;nder AK&Ouml;Z<\/strong><br><strong>Etiketler:<\/strong> <code>debian<\/code>, <code>grub<\/code>, <code>serial-console<\/code>, <code>wsl2<\/code>, <code>linux<\/code>, <code>embedded-systems<\/code><\/p>","excerpt":"Bu yaz\u0131da, Windows 10\/11 \u00fczerinde WSL2 (Windows Subsystem for Linux) kullanarak Debian kurulu bir diski mount edip GRUB yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l d\u00fczenleyece\u011finizi ad\u0131m ad\u0131m anlataca\u011f\u0131m.","created_at":"2026-01-14 21:25:13","updated_at":"2026-09-23 15:06:09","category_id":10,"view_count":545,"reading_time":8,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2026-01-14 18:25:13","featured_image":"\/uploads\/images\/2026\/01\/6967df7ea26f5_1768415102.png","slug":"debian-seri-konsol-rs232-com-port-grub-yapilandirmasi-windows-wsl2-ile-duzenleme","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix","category_color":"#2a1952"},{"id":382,"title":"Headless Sunucularda \"Undefined Video Mode Number: 314\" Hatas\u0131 ve \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc","content":"<div id=\"model-response-message-contentr_d798559fd0f9fd1a\" class=\"markdown markdown-main-panel stronger enable-updated-hr-color\" dir=\"ltr\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-busy=\"false\">\n<p data-path-to-node=\"4\"><img src=\"..\/..\/uploads\/images\/2026\/01\/6967c81244439_1768409106.png\"><\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"5\">Bu yaz\u0131da, seri konsol (Remote Redirection) kullan\u0131rken neden bu hatay\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 ve ad\u0131m ad\u0131m nas\u0131l &ccedil;&ouml;zebilece\u011fimizi inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n<h2 data-path-to-node=\"6\">Sorun Nedir? Neden 314?<\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"7\">Debian y&uuml;kleyicisi, varsay\u0131lan olarak kullan\u0131c\u0131ya daha \u015f\u0131k bir aray&uuml;z sunmak i&ccedil;in <strong data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"82\">Graphical Install<\/strong> modunda a&ccedil;\u0131lmaya programlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Linux &ccedil;ekirde\u011fi (Kernel) ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ekran kart\u0131na <code data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"188\">314<\/code> numaral\u0131 video moduna (genellikle 800x600x16bit &ccedil;&ouml;z&uuml;n&uuml;rl&uuml;k) ge&ccedil;mesini s&ouml;yler.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"8\">Ancak ortada fiziksel bir monit&ouml;r yoksa ve siz cihaza <strong data-path-to-node=\"8\" data-index-in-node=\"54\">Putty<\/strong> veya <strong data-path-to-node=\"8\" data-index-in-node=\"65\">TeraTerm<\/strong> gibi bir terminal &uuml;zerinden ba\u011fl\u0131ysan\u0131z, seri port bu grafiksel veriyi aktaramaz. &Ccedil;ekirdek, desteklenmeyen bir video moduna ge&ccedil;meye &ccedil;al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kilitlenir ve size o me\u015fhur hatay\u0131 verir.<\/p>\n<hr data-path-to-node=\"9\">\n<h2 data-path-to-node=\"10\">Ad\u0131m 1: BIOS Ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 Haz\u0131rlamak<\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"11\">&Ouml;ncelikle cihaz\u0131n BIOS'u ile terminal yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n ayn\u0131 dili konu\u015ftu\u011fundan emin olmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z. Modern sistemler i&ccedil;in en ideal \"Console Redirection\" ayarlar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"12\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"12,0,0\"><strong data-path-to-node=\"12,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Terminal Type:<\/strong> <code data-path-to-node=\"12,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"15\">VT-UTF8<\/code> (Karakter bozulmalar\u0131n\u0131 &ouml;nlemek i&ccedil;in standartt\u0131r).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"12,1,0\"><strong data-path-to-node=\"12,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Bits per second:<\/strong> <code data-path-to-node=\"12,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"17\">115200<\/code> (H\u0131zl\u0131 ve g&uuml;venilir).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"12,2,0\"><strong data-path-to-node=\"12,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Flow Control:<\/strong> <code data-path-to-node=\"12,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"14\">None<\/code>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"12,3,0\"><strong data-path-to-node=\"12,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Putty KeyPad:<\/strong> <code data-path-to-node=\"12,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"14\">Linux<\/code> veya <code data-path-to-node=\"12,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"25\">SCO<\/code>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-path-to-node=\"13\">\n<h2 data-path-to-node=\"14\">Ad\u0131m 2: &Ccedil;ekirde\u011fi (Kernel) \"K&ouml;r\" Modda Ba\u015flatmak<\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"15\">BIOS ekran\u0131n\u0131 ge&ccedil;ip Debian a&ccedil;\u0131l\u0131\u015f men&uuml;s&uuml;ne geldi\u011finizde <strong data-path-to-node=\"15\" data-index-in-node=\"56\">Graphical Install<\/strong> se&ccedil;ene\u011fini g&ouml;rmezden gelin.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"1\" data-path-to-node=\"16\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"16,0,0\">Ok tu\u015flar\u0131yla <strong data-path-to-node=\"16,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"14\">Install<\/strong> (Metin tabanl\u0131 kurulum) se&ccedil;ene\u011finin &uuml;zerine gelin.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"16,1,0\"><strong data-path-to-node=\"16,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">TAB<\/strong> tu\u015funa (veya <code data-path-to-node=\"16,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"17\">e<\/code> tu\u015funa) basarak &ouml;ny&uuml;kleme parametrelerini d&uuml;zenleyin.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"16,2,0\">Sat\u0131r\u0131n sonundaki <code data-path-to-node=\"16,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"18\">--- quiet<\/code> k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 silin ve yerine tam olarak \u015funu yaz\u0131n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!---->\n<div class=\"code-block ng-tns-c2721585414-74 ng-animate-disabled ng-trigger ng-trigger-codeBlockRevealAnimation\" data-hveid=\"0\" data-ved=\"0CAAQhtANahcKEwiqgOqIqIuSAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQWA\">\n<div class=\"code-block-decoration header-formatted gds-title-s ng-tns-c2721585414-74 ng-star-inserted\"><!----><code class=\"code-container formatted ng-tns-c2721585414-74\" role=\"text\" data-test-id=\"code-content\">\/install.amd\/vmlinuz vga=normal initrd=\/install.amd\/initrd.gz console=ttyS0,115200n8 ---&nbsp;<\/code><\/div>\n<!----><\/div>\n<!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!---->\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"18\">\/install.amd\/vmlinuz vga=normal initrd=\/install.amd\/initrd.gz console=ttyS0,115200n8 ---<\/h3>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"18\">Bu parametreler ne anlama geliyor?<\/h3>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"19\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"19,0,0\"><strong data-path-to-node=\"19,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">vga=normal:<\/strong> &Ccedil;ekirde\u011fe \"Grafik modlar\u0131n\u0131 unut, standart 80x25 metin modunda kal\" der. 314 hatas\u0131n\u0131 bu komut &ccedil;&ouml;zer.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"19,1,0\"><strong data-path-to-node=\"19,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">console=ttyS0:<\/strong> Sistemin t&uuml;m &ccedil;\u0131kt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 (Input\/Output) birinci seri porta (COM1) y&ouml;nlendirir.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-path-to-node=\"20\">\n<h2 data-path-to-node=\"21\">Ad\u0131m 3: Kurulum Sonras\u0131 Kal\u0131c\u0131 &Ccedil;&ouml;z&uuml;m<\/h2>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"22\">Kurulumu ba\u015far\u0131yla tamamlad\u0131n\u0131z, ancak cihaz\u0131 her yeniden ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda ayn\u0131 hatay\u0131 almamak i&ccedil;in bu ayarlar\u0131 kal\u0131c\u0131 hale getirmelisiniz.<\/p>\n<p>Sisteme giri\u015f yapt\u0131ktan sonra terminalde \u015fu dosyay\u0131 d&uuml;zenleyin:<\/p>\n<p>sudo nano \/etc\/default\/grub<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"24\">A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sat\u0131rlar\u0131 g&uuml;ncelleyin:<\/p>\n<!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!---->\n<div class=\"code-block ng-tns-c2721585414-75 ng-animate-disabled ng-trigger ng-trigger-codeBlockRevealAnimation\" data-hveid=\"0\" data-ved=\"0CAAQhtANahcKEwiqgOqIqIuSAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQWQ\">\n<div class=\"code-block-decoration header-formatted gds-title-s ng-tns-c2721585414-75 ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-tns-c2721585414-75\">Bash<\/span>\n<div class=\"buttons ng-tns-c2721585414-75 ng-star-inserted\"><button class=\"mdc-icon-button mat-mdc-icon-button mat-mdc-button-base mat-mdc-tooltip-trigger copy-button ng-tns-c2721585414-75 mat-unthemed _mat-animation-noopable ng-star-inserted\" aria-label=\"Kodu kopyala\"><\/button><!----><!----><\/div>\n<!----><\/div>\n<!---->\n<div class=\"formatted-code-block-internal-container ng-tns-c2721585414-75\">\n<div class=\"animated-opacity ng-tns-c2721585414-75\">\n<pre class=\"ng-tns-c2721585414-75\"><code class=\"code-container formatted ng-tns-c2721585414-75\" role=\"text\" data-test-id=\"code-content\">GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"\"<\/span>\nGRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8\"<\/span>\nGRUB_TERMINAL=<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"console serial\"<\/span>\nGRUB_SERIAL_COMMAND=<span class=\"hljs-string\">\"serial --speed=115200 --unit=0 --word=8 --parity=no --stop=1\"<\/span>\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<!----><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!----><!---->\n<p>Ard\u0131ndan de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi kaydedip \u015fu komutla uygulay\u0131n:<\/p>\n<p>sudo update-grub<\/p>\n<hr data-path-to-node=\"27\">\n<p data-path-to-node=\"29\">Art\u0131k cihaz\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n yan\u0131na bir monit&ouml;r veya klavye ba\u011flaman\u0131za gerek kalmad\u0131. D&uuml;nyan\u0131n &ouml;b&uuml;r ucunda bile olsan\u0131z, seri konsol &uuml;zerinden&nbsp;<strong data-path-to-node=\"29\" data-index-in-node=\"133\">AstroCat NGFW<\/strong> gibi projelerinizi y&ouml;netebilir, sistem loglar\u0131n\u0131 canl\u0131 olarak izleyebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"30\">Unutmay\u0131n; bir firewall projesinde g&ouml;rsellikten ziyade, sistemin eri\u015filebilirli\u011fi ve kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 her zaman &ouml;n plandad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<hr data-path-to-node=\"31\">\n<p data-path-to-node=\"32\"><strong data-path-to-node=\"32\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Blog yaz\u0131s\u0131 i&ccedil;in ba\u015fka bir g&ouml;rsel veya teknik detay eklememi ister misin?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>","excerpt":"Bir a\u011f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi cihaz\u0131 (Firewall) veya headless (monit\u00f6rs\u00fcz) bir sunucu kurarken, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman cihaz\u0131n seri portu (COM1) \u00fczerinden eri\u015fim sa\u011flar\u0131z. Ancak Debian gibi modern Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 kurarken kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan can s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir hata var:\u00a0\"Undefined video mode number: 314\".","created_at":"2026-01-14 19:45:44","updated_at":"2026-09-07 21:10:41","category_id":10,"view_count":498,"reading_time":3,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2026-01-14 16:45:44","featured_image":"\/uploads\/images\/2026\/01\/6967d04fb378e_1768411215.png","slug":"headless-sunucularda-undefined-video-mode-number-314-hatasi-ve-cozumu","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix","category_color":"#2a1952"},{"id":360,"title":"Debian 13 Trixie ile Fluxbox: Minimalist Masa\u00fcst\u00fc Ortam\u0131 Kurulumu ve Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131","content":"<p>Modern masa&uuml;st&uuml; ortamlar\u0131 her ge&ccedil;en g&uuml;n daha fazla sistem kayna\u011f\u0131 t&uuml;ketirken, minimalist pencere y&ouml;neticileri h\u0131z, verimlilik ve &ouml;zelle\u015ftirilebilirlik arayan kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i&ccedil;in cazip alternatifler sunuyor. Fluxbox, hafif yap\u0131s\u0131 ve g&uuml;&ccedil;l&uuml; &ouml;zelle\u015ftirme se&ccedil;enekleriyle bu alanda &ouml;ne &ccedil;\u0131kan pencere y&ouml;neticilerinden biridir.<\/p>\r\n<p>Bu rehberde, Debian 13 Trixie &uuml;zerinde Fluxbox kurulumunu, temel yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 ve kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 &ouml;zelle\u015ftirmelerini ad\u0131m ad\u0131m inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\r\n<h2><iframe style=\"width: 751px; height: 421px;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/mN-Of14vL3o?si=CFCer1-msbl_htzj\" width=\"751\" height=\"421\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/h2>\r\n<h2>Fluxbox Nedir?<\/h2>\r\n<p>Fluxbox, Blackbox pencere y&ouml;neticisinin bir &ccedil;atallanmas\u0131 olarak ortaya &ccedil;\u0131km\u0131\u015f, C++ ile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hafif bir pencere y&ouml;neticisidir. Temel &ouml;zellikleri:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><strong>D&uuml;\u015f&uuml;k kaynak t&uuml;ketimi<\/strong>: Minimal RAM ve CPU kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>Y&uuml;ksek &ouml;zelle\u015ftirilebilirlik<\/strong>: Kapsaml\u0131 tema ve stil se&ccedil;enekleri<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>Klavye odakl\u0131 &ccedil;al\u0131\u015fma<\/strong>: G&uuml;&ccedil;l&uuml; k\u0131sayol sistemi<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>Tabbed pencere deste\u011fi<\/strong>: Pencereleri sekmeler halinde grupland\u0131rma<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>H\u0131zl\u0131 ve kararl\u0131<\/strong>: Sade kod taban\u0131 sayesinde y&uuml;ksek performans<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Sistem Gereksinimleri<\/h2>\r\n<p>Fluxbox son derece m&uuml;tevaz\u0131 sistem gereksinimleriyle &ccedil;al\u0131\u015f\u0131r:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><strong>RAM<\/strong>: 64-128 MB (temel sistem i&ccedil;in)<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>Disk Alan\u0131<\/strong>: ~10 MB (Fluxbox i&ccedil;in)<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>\u0130\u015flemci<\/strong>: Herhangi bir modern CPU yeterli<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Kurulum<\/h2>\r\n<h3>1. Sistem G&uuml;ncellemesi<\/h3>\r\n<p>&Ouml;ncelikle sistem paketlerinizi g&uuml;ncelleyin:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo apt update\r\nsudo apt upgrade -y\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h3>2. Fluxbox Kurulumu<\/h3>\r\n<p>Fluxbox ve temel bile\u015fenlerini kurun:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo apt install fluxbox -y\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h3>3. Ek Paketler<\/h3>\r\n<p>Kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ek ara&ccedil;lar\u0131 kurun:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># Terminal em&uuml;lat&ouml;r&uuml;\r\nsudo apt install xterm rxvt-unicode-256color -y\r\n\r\n# Dosya y&ouml;neticisi\r\nsudo apt install pcmanfm thunar -y\r\n\r\n# Uygulama ba\u015flat\u0131c\u0131\r\nsudo apt install rofi dmenu -y\r\n\r\n# Duvar ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 y&ouml;neticisi\r\nsudo apt install feh nitrogen -y\r\n\r\n# Sistem monit&ouml;r&uuml;\r\nsudo apt install conky htop -y\r\n\r\n# Ses kontrol&uuml;\r\nsudo apt install pavucontrol volumeicon-alsa -y\r\n\r\n# A\u011f y&ouml;neticisi (GUI)\r\nsudo apt install network-manager-gnome -y\r\n\r\n# Ekran g&ouml;r&uuml;nt&uuml;s&uuml;\r\nsudo apt install scrot flameshot -y\r\n\r\n# Metin edit&ouml;r&uuml;\r\nsudo apt install geany mousepad -y\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h2>\u0130lk Ba\u015flatma<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Display Manager ile Giri\u015f<\/h3>\r\n<p>E\u011fer LightDM, GDM veya SDDM gibi bir giri\u015f y&ouml;neticisi kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>Sistemi yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n<\/li>\r\n<li>Giri\u015f ekran\u0131nda oturum t&uuml;r&uuml;n&uuml; \"Fluxbox\" olarak se&ccedil;in<\/li>\r\n<li>\u015eifrenizi girerek giri\u015f yap\u0131n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Startx ile Giri\u015f<\/h3>\r\n<p>Minimal bir kurulumda startx kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">echo \"exec fluxbox\" &gt; ~\/.xinitrc\r\nstartx\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h2>Temel Yap\u0131land\u0131rma<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Dosyalar\u0131<\/h3>\r\n<p>Fluxbox yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131 <code>~\/.fluxbox\/<\/code> dizininde bulunur:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><strong>init<\/strong>: Ana yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>keys<\/strong>: Klavye k\u0131sayollar\u0131<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>menu<\/strong>: Sa\u011f t\u0131k men&uuml;s&uuml;<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>startup<\/strong>: Ba\u015flang\u0131&ccedil;ta &ccedil;al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacak uygulamalar<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>apps<\/strong>: Pencere kurallar\u0131 ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Klavye K\u0131sayollar\u0131<\/h3>\r\n<p><code>~\/.fluxbox\/keys<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d&uuml;zenleyin:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">nano ~\/.fluxbox\/keys\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<p>&Ouml;nerilen k\u0131sayollar:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code># Pencere y&ouml;netimi\r\nMod4 q :Close\r\nMod4 f :Fullscreen\r\nMod4 m :Maximize\r\nMod4 n :Minimize\r\n\r\n# Uygulama ba\u015flatma\r\nMod4 Return :Exec urxvt\r\nMod4 d :Exec rofi -show drun\r\nMod4 e :Exec thunar\r\nMod4 w :Exec firefox\r\n\r\n# &Ccedil;al\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131\r\nMod4 1 :Workspace 1\r\nMod4 2 :Workspace 2\r\nMod4 3 :Workspace 3\r\nMod4 4 :Workspace 4\r\n\r\n# Ekran g&ouml;r&uuml;nt&uuml;s&uuml;\r\nPrint :Exec flameshot gui\r\nShift Print :Exec scrot '%Y-%m-%d_$wx$h.png' -e 'mv $f ~\/Pictures\/'\r\n\r\n# Ses kontrol&uuml;\r\nXF86AudioRaiseVolume :Exec amixer set Master 5%+\r\nXF86AudioLowerVolume :Exec amixer set Master 5%-\r\nXF86AudioMute :Exec amixer set Master toggle\r\n\r\n# Parlakl\u0131k\r\nXF86MonBrightnessUp :Exec xbacklight +10\r\nXF86MonBrightnessDown :Exec xbacklight -10\r\n\r\n# Fluxbox kontrolleri\r\nMod4 Shift r :Restart\r\nMod4 Shift q :Exit\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h3>Men&uuml; &Ouml;zelle\u015ftirme<\/h3>\r\n<p><code>~\/.fluxbox\/menu<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d&uuml;zenleyin:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">nano ~\/.fluxbox\/menu\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<p>&Ouml;rnek men&uuml; yap\u0131s\u0131:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>[begin] (Fluxbox)\r\n    [exec] (Terminal) {urxvt}\r\n    [exec] (Taray\u0131c\u0131) {firefox}\r\n    [exec] (Dosya Y&ouml;neticisi) {thunar}\r\n    [exec] (Metin Edit&ouml;r&uuml;) {geany}\r\n    \r\n    [submenu] (\u0130nternet)\r\n        [exec] (Firefox) {firefox}\r\n        [exec] (Chromium) {chromium}\r\n        [exec] (Thunderbird) {thunderbird}\r\n    [end]\r\n    \r\n    [submenu] (Multimedya)\r\n        [exec] (VLC) {vlc}\r\n        [exec] (GIMP) {gimp}\r\n        [exec] (Inkscape) {inkscape}\r\n    [end]\r\n    \r\n    [submenu] (Sistem)\r\n        [exec] (G&ouml;rev Y&ouml;neticisi) {urxvt -e htop}\r\n        [exec] (A\u011f Y&ouml;neticisi) {nm-connection-editor}\r\n        [exec] (Ses Ayarlar\u0131) {pavucontrol}\r\n    [end]\r\n    \r\n    [submenu] (Fluxbox)\r\n        [config] (Yap\u0131land\u0131r)\r\n        [submenu] (Temalar) {Choose a style...}\r\n            [stylesdir] (\/usr\/share\/fluxbox\/styles)\r\n            [stylesdir] (~\/.fluxbox\/styles)\r\n        [end]\r\n        [commanddialog] (Komut &Ccedil;al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r)\r\n        [reconfig] (Yeniden Y&uuml;kle)\r\n        [restart] (Yeniden Ba\u015flat)\r\n        [exit] (&Ccedil;\u0131k\u0131\u015f)\r\n    [end]\r\n[end]\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h3>Otomatik Ba\u015flatma<\/h3>\r\n<p><code>~\/.fluxbox\/startup<\/code> dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d&uuml;zenleyin:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">nano ~\/.fluxbox\/startup\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<p>&Ouml;rnek ba\u015flang\u0131&ccedil; yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">#!\/bin\/sh\r\n\r\n# Duvar ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131\r\nfeh --bg-scale ~\/Resimler\/wallpaper.jpg &amp;\r\n\r\n# Kompozit&ouml;r (\u015feffafl\u0131k i&ccedil;in)\r\npicom -b &amp;\r\n\r\n# Sistem tepsisi\r\nstalonetray &amp;\r\n\r\n# A\u011f y&ouml;neticisi\r\nnm-applet &amp;\r\n\r\n# Ses kontrol&uuml;\r\nvolumeicon &amp;\r\n\r\n# Bildirim sunucusu\r\ndunst &amp;\r\n\r\n# Conky sistem monit&ouml;r&uuml;\r\nconky &amp;\r\n\r\n# Ekran kilidi (30 dakika sonra)\r\nxautolock -time 30 -locker 'i3lock -c 000000' &amp;\r\n\r\n# Fluxbox'\u0131 ba\u015flat (bu sat\u0131r en sonda kalmal\u0131)\r\nexec fluxbox\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<p>Dosyay\u0131 &ccedil;al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir yap\u0131n:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">chmod +x ~\/.fluxbox\/startup\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h2>Tema ve G&ouml;r&uuml;n&uuml;m &Ouml;zelle\u015ftirme<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Tema Kurulumu<\/h3>\r\n<p>Sistem temalar\u0131n\u0131 g&ouml;r&uuml;nt&uuml;leyin:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">ls \/usr\/share\/fluxbox\/styles\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<p>Tema de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i&ccedil;in sa\u011f t\u0131klama men&uuml;s&uuml;nden: <strong>Fluxbox &rarr; Temalar<\/strong> b&ouml;l&uuml;m&uuml;ne gidin.<\/p>\r\n<h3>&Ouml;zel Tema Olu\u015fturma<\/h3>\r\n<p>Kendi teman\u0131z\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i&ccedil;in:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">mkdir -p ~\/.fluxbox\/styles\/BenimTema\r\nnano ~\/.fluxbox\/styles\/BenimTema\/theme.cfg\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<p>&Ouml;rnek tema dosyas\u0131:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code># Arka plan renkleri\r\nbackground: flat\r\nbackground.color: #2e3440\r\n\r\n# Pencere ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131\r\nwindow.title.focus: flat gradient vertical\r\nwindow.title.focus.color: #5e81ac\r\nwindow.title.focus.colorTo: #81a1c1\r\nwindow.title.unfocus: flat\r\nwindow.title.unfocus.color: #3b4252\r\n\r\n# Yaz\u0131 tipleri\r\n*.font: DejaVu Sans-10:bold\r\nwindow.label.focus.textColor: #eceff4\r\nwindow.label.unfocus.textColor: #d8dee9\r\n\r\n# Ara&ccedil; &ccedil;ubu\u011fu\r\ntoolbar: flat\r\ntoolbar.color: #2e3440\r\ntoolbar.textColor: #eceff4\r\n\r\n# Men&uuml;\r\nmenu.title: flat gradient vertical\r\nmenu.title.color: #5e81ac\r\nmenu.title.colorTo: #81a1c1\r\nmenu.title.textColor: #eceff4\r\nmenu.frame: flat\r\nmenu.frame.color: #3b4252\r\nmenu.frame.textColor: #eceff4\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h3>Duvar Ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 Ayarlama<\/h3>\r\n<p>Feh ile duvar ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 ayarlama:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">feh --bg-scale ~\/Resimler\/wallpaper.jpg\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<p>Nitrogen ile grafik aray&uuml;zde ayarlama:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">nitrogen ~\/Resimler\/\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h2>Performans \u0130pu&ccedil;lar\u0131<\/h2>\r\n<h3>1. Kompozit&ouml;r Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/h3>\r\n<p>Picom (eski ad\u0131yla Compton) hafif \u015feffafl\u0131k ve g&ouml;lge efektleri sa\u011flar:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo apt install picom -y\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<p>Yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturun:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">mkdir -p ~\/.config\/picom\r\nnano ~\/.config\/picom\/picom.conf\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<p>Minimal yap\u0131land\u0131rma:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code># Performans ayarlar\u0131\r\nbackend = \"glx\";\r\nvsync = true;\r\n\r\n# G&ouml;lge\r\nshadow = true;\r\nshadow-radius = 12;\r\nshadow-opacity = 0.75;\r\nshadow-offset-x = -7;\r\nshadow-offset-y = -7;\r\n\r\n# Opakl\u0131k\r\ninactive-opacity = 0.95;\r\nactive-opacity = 1.0;\r\nframe-opacity = 0.9;\r\n\r\n# Fade\r\nfading = true;\r\nfade-delta = 5;\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h3>2. Gereksiz Servisleri Devre D\u0131\u015f\u0131 B\u0131rakma<\/h3>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo systemctl disable bluetooth.service\r\nsudo systemctl disable cups.service\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h3>3. Zram Etkinle\u015ftirme<\/h3>\r\n<p>Swap yerine RAM s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma kullan\u0131n:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo apt install zram-tools -y\r\nsudo nano \/etc\/default\/zramswap\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h2>\u0130leri Seviye &Ouml;zelle\u015ftirmeler<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Pencere Kurallar\u0131<\/h3>\r\n<p><code>~\/.fluxbox\/apps<\/code> dosyas\u0131nda belirli uygulamalar i&ccedil;in kurallar tan\u0131mlay\u0131n:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>[app] (firefox)\r\n  [Position] (CENTER) {0 0}\r\n  [Dimensions] {1920 1080}\r\n  [Workspace] {1}\r\n[end]\r\n\r\n[app] (urxvt)\r\n  [Alpha] {230}\r\n[end]\r\n\r\n[app] (Conky)\r\n  [Sticky] {yes}\r\n  [Layer] {bottom}\r\n  [Deco] {NONE}\r\n[end]\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h3>Conky ile Sistem \u0130zleme<\/h3>\r\n<p>Conky yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 i&ccedil;in:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">mkdir -p ~\/.config\/conky\r\nnano ~\/.config\/conky\/conky.conf\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<p>Minimal Conky yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-lua\">conky.config = {\r\n    alignment = 'top_right',\r\n    background = true,\r\n    border_width = 1,\r\n    cpu_avg_samples = 2,\r\n    default_color = 'white',\r\n    default_outline_color = 'white',\r\n    default_shade_color = 'white',\r\n    draw_borders = false,\r\n    draw_graph_borders = true,\r\n    draw_outline = false,\r\n    draw_shades = false,\r\n    use_xft = true,\r\n    font = 'DejaVu Sans Mono:size=10',\r\n    gap_x = 20,\r\n    gap_y = 60,\r\n    minimum_height = 5,\r\n    minimum_width = 5,\r\n    net_avg_samples = 2,\r\n    no_buffers = true,\r\n    out_to_console = false,\r\n    out_to_stderr = false,\r\n    extra_newline = false,\r\n    own_window = true,\r\n    own_window_class = 'Conky',\r\n    own_window_type = 'desktop',\r\n    own_window_transparent = true,\r\n    stippled_borders = 0,\r\n    update_interval = 1.0,\r\n    uppercase = false,\r\n    use_spacer = 'none',\r\n    show_graph_scale = false,\r\n    show_graph_range = false\r\n}\r\n\r\nconky.text = [[\r\n${color grey}Sistem Bilgisi:\r\n$color${nodename} - ${sysname} ${kernel}\r\n$color${uptime}\r\n${color grey}CPU:$color ${cpu cpu0}% ${cpubar cpu0}\r\n${color grey}RAM:$color $mem\/$memmax - $memperc% ${membar}\r\n${color grey}Disk:$color ${fs_used \/}\/${fs_size \/} ${fs_bar \/}\r\n${color grey}A\u011f:\r\n${color grey}Gelen:$color ${downspeed eth0}\r\n${color grey}Giden:$color ${upspeed eth0}\r\n]]\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h3>Polybar Entegrasyonu<\/h3>\r\n<p>Daha modern bir durum &ccedil;ubu\u011fu i&ccedil;in Polybar:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sudo apt install polybar -y\r\nmkdir -p ~\/.config\/polybar\r\ncp \/usr\/share\/doc\/polybar\/examples\/config.ini ~\/.config\/polybar\/config.ini\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<p>Startup dosyas\u0131na ekleyin:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">polybar example &amp;\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h2>Sorun Giderme<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Fluxbox Ba\u015flam\u0131yor<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>Log dosyas\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin:<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">cat ~\/.xsession-errors\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<ol start=\"2\">\r\n<li>Yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden olu\u015fturun:<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">mv ~\/.fluxbox ~\/.fluxbox.bak\r\nfluxbox-generate_menu\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h3>Klavye K\u0131sayollar\u0131 &Ccedil;al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yor<\/h3>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">fluxbox-remote reload\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h3>Men&uuml; G&uuml;ncellenmiyor<\/h3>\r\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">fluxbox-generate_menu\r\nfluxbox-remote reconfig\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h2>Yararl\u0131 Kaynaklar<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><strong>Resmi Dok&uuml;mantasyon<\/strong>: http:\/\/fluxbox.org\/<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>Arch Wiki<\/strong>: https:\/\/wiki.archlinux.org\/title\/Fluxbox<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>Debian Wiki<\/strong>: https:\/\/wiki.debian.org\/FluxBox<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>Fluxbox Temalar\u0131<\/strong>: https:\/\/www.box-look.org\/<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>Fluxbox, minimalist bir masa&uuml;st&uuml; deneyimi arayan kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i&ccedil;in m&uuml;kemmel bir se&ccedil;enektir. D&uuml;\u015f&uuml;k kaynak t&uuml;ketimi, y&uuml;ksek &ouml;zelle\u015ftirilebilirlik ve klavye odakl\u0131 i\u015f ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile verimlili\u011finizi art\u0131rabilirsiniz.<\/p>\r\n<p>Bu rehberde temel kurulum ve yap\u0131land\u0131rmay\u0131 ele ald\u0131k, ancak Fluxbox'\u0131n ger&ccedil;ek g&uuml;c&uuml; ki\u015fisel ihtiya&ccedil;lar\u0131n\u0131za g&ouml;re &ouml;zelle\u015ftirme &ouml;zg&uuml;rl&uuml;\u011f&uuml;nde yat\u0131yor. Deneyerek kendi ideal &ccedil;al\u0131\u015fma ortam\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 olu\u015fturabilirsiniz.<\/p>\r\n<p>Mutlu kodlamalar ve keyifli Fluxbox deneyimi!<\/p>","excerpt":"","created_at":"2025-12-01 21:17:22","updated_at":"2026-09-07 02:53:49","category_id":10,"view_count":623,"reading_time":8,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2025-12-01 18:17:00","featured_image":"72f6e7017de0ad18dd6cd3a25c2bd489.png","slug":"debian-13-trixie-ile-fluxbox-minimalist-masaustu-ortami-kurulumu-ve-yapilandirmasi","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix","category_color":"#2a1952"},{"id":359,"title":"DistroSea: Linux Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 Taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zdan Test Edin","content":"<p>Linux d&uuml;nyas\u0131na yeni ad\u0131m atmay\u0131 d&uuml;\u015f&uuml;n&uuml;yor ama hangi da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 se&ccedil;ece\u011finize karar veremiyorsan\u0131z, ya da sadece farkl\u0131 sistemleri merak ediyorsan\u0131z, DistroSea tam size g&ouml;re bir platform.<\/p>\n<p><iframe style=\"width: 690px; height: 388px;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Z5eQuqSZ0-g?si=XKdFEsaonySePBoX\" width=\"690\" height=\"388\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>DistroSea Nedir?<\/h2>\n<p>DistroSea, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n farkl\u0131 Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ve BSD i\u015fletim sistemlerini <strong>indirme veya kurulum yapmadan<\/strong>, do\u011frudan web taray\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 &uuml;zerinden deneyebilmelerine olanak tan\u0131yan &uuml;cretsiz bir &ccedil;evrimi&ccedil;i hizmettir. Sanal makine teknolojisi sayesinde, ger&ccedil;ek bir kurulum riskine girmeden istedi\u011finiz i\u015fletim sistemini ke\u015ffedebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<h2>Nas\u0131l &Ccedil;al\u0131\u015f\u0131r?<\/h2>\n<p>Platform, ThinLinc gibi uzaktan masa&uuml;st&uuml; eri\u015fim ara&ccedil;lar\u0131yla entegre &ccedil;al\u0131\u015farak size g&uuml;venli ve h\u0131zl\u0131 bir deneyim sunar. Yaln\u0131zca birka&ccedil; t\u0131klamayla bir sanal makine ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131r ve se&ccedil;ti\u011finiz Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zda a&ccedil;\u0131l\u0131r. Ger&ccedil;ek bir bilgisayarda &ccedil;al\u0131\u015f\u0131yormu\u015f gibi dosya y&ouml;neticisini kullanabilir, uygulamalar\u0131 test edebilir ve aray&uuml;z&uuml; ke\u015ffedebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n<h2>Hangi Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlar Mevcut?<\/h2>\n<p>DistroSea olduk&ccedil;a geni\u015f bir katalog sunar:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pop&uuml;ler Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlar:<\/strong> Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, Linux Mint, Arch Linux, openSUSE, Manjaro gibi yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan sistemler<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hafif Alternatifler:<\/strong> Puppy Linux, antiX, MX Linux gibi eski donan\u0131mlar i&ccedil;in optimize edilmi\u015f da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlar<\/p>\n<p><strong>&Ouml;zel Ama&ccedil;l\u0131 Sistemler:<\/strong> Kali Linux (g&uuml;venlik testi), Tails (gizlilik odakl\u0131), elementary OS (macOS benzeri aray&uuml;z) gibi niche se&ccedil;enekler<\/p>\n<p><strong>BSD Sistemleri:<\/strong> FreeBSD, OpenBSD gibi Unix t&uuml;revi i\u015fletim sistemleri<\/p>\n<h2>Kimler \u0130&ccedil;in \u0130deal?<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Yeni Ba\u015flayanlar:<\/strong> Linux'a ge&ccedil;i\u015f yapmay\u0131 d&uuml;\u015f&uuml;nenler i&ccedil;in risk almadan test ortam\u0131<\/p>\n<p><strong>Merakl\u0131lar:<\/strong> Farkl\u0131 masa&uuml;st&uuml; ortamlar\u0131n\u0131 ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m felsefelerini ke\u015ffetmek isteyenler<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sistem Y&ouml;neticileri:<\/strong> Bir da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 sunucuya kurmadan &ouml;nce aray&uuml;z&uuml;n&uuml; ve ara&ccedil;lar\u0131n\u0131 g&ouml;zden ge&ccedil;irmek isteyenler<\/p>\n<p><strong>&Ouml;\u011frenciler ve E\u011fitmenler:<\/strong> Linux e\u011fitiminde pratik yapma imkan\u0131 arayanlar<\/p>\n<h2>Avantajlar\u0131<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>S\u0131f\u0131r Kurulum:<\/strong> Bilgisayar\u0131n\u0131za hi&ccedil;bir \u015fey indirmeden hemen ba\u015flay\u0131n<\/li>\n<li><strong>H\u0131zl\u0131 Test:<\/strong> Her da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 birka&ccedil; dakika i&ccedil;inde deneyebilirsiniz<\/li>\n<li><strong>G&uuml;venli Ortam:<\/strong> Sanal makineler sayesinde kendi sisteminize zarar riski yok<\/li>\n<li><strong>&Uuml;cretsiz:<\/strong> Platform tamamen &uuml;cretsiz olarak kullan\u0131labilir<\/li>\n<li><strong>Geni\u015f Se&ccedil;enek:<\/strong> Onlarca farkl\u0131 da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m tek bir &ccedil;at\u0131 alt\u0131nda<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>S\u0131n\u0131rlamalar<\/h2>\n<p>Elbette &ccedil;evrimi&ccedil;i bir test ortam\u0131, ger&ccedil;ek bir kurulum kadar kapsaml\u0131 olamaz. Oturum s&uuml;releri s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r, performans internet h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131za ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fiklikler kal\u0131c\u0131 olmaz. Ancak bir da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n genel hissini ve aray&uuml;z&uuml;n&uuml; anlamak i&ccedil;in fazlas\u0131yla yeterlidir.<\/p>\n<p>DistroSea, Linux ekosisteminin zenginli\u011fini ke\u015ffetmenin en kolay yollar\u0131ndan biri. Hangi da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n sizin i&ccedil;in en uygun oldu\u011funa karar vermeden &ouml;nce, ya da sadece farkl\u0131 sistemlere g&ouml;z atmak i&ccedil;in bu platformu mutlaka deneyin.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Platform:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/distrosea.com\/\">distrosea.com<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Linux yolculu\u011funuz bir taray\u0131c\u0131 sekmesi kadar yak\u0131n!<\/p>","excerpt":"Linux d\u00fcnyas\u0131na yeni ad\u0131m atmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor ama hangi da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 se\u00e7ece\u011finize karar veremiyorsan\u0131z, ya da sadece farkl\u0131 sistemleri merak ediyorsan\u0131z, DistroSea tam size g\u00f6re bir platform.","created_at":"2025-11-30 15:40:36","updated_at":"2026-09-23 17:26:23","category_id":10,"view_count":804,"reading_time":3,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2025-11-30 12:40:36","featured_image":"62a86ead6e329e3e9877c7845f810a4c.png","slug":"distrosea-linux-dagitimlarini-tarayicinizdan-test-edin","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix","category_color":"#2a1952"},{"id":350,"title":"Linux Ortam De\u011fi\u015fkenleri Rehberi","content":"<p><iframe style=\"width: 711px; height: 399px;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/N7TAR3MeVeg?si=PpeMTRsDzSH-b3F1\" width=\"920\" height=\"516\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Linux sistemlerinde <strong>ortam de\u011fi\u015fkenleri<\/strong>, sistemin davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 temelden y&ouml;neten dinamik de\u011ferlerdir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu y&ouml;netim, sistem s&uuml;re&ccedil;lerinin ve uygulamalar\u0131n nas\u0131l &ccedil;al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlayarak ger&ccedil;ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n<p>Ortam de\u011fi\u015fkenlerinin Linux sistem davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 y&ouml;netmesinin temel yollar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n<h3>1. Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Verisi Depolama ve Davran\u0131\u015f Tan\u0131mlama<\/h3>\n<p>Ortam de\u011fi\u015fkenleri, sistemin verimli &ccedil;al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve otomasyonu i&ccedil;in gerekli olan yap\u0131land\u0131rma verilerini depolarlar. Depolanan bu veriler, sistemin ve uygulamalar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan tan\u0131mlar. Bu veriler tipik olarak \u015funlar\u0131 i&ccedil;erir:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sistem yolu (system path)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Kullan\u0131c\u0131 tercihleri<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Ayarlar<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&Ouml;rne\u011fin, en yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan ortam de\u011fi\u015fkenlerinden biri olan <strong>PATH<\/strong> de\u011fi\u015fkeni, sistemin komutlar\u0131 arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 dizinleri tan\u0131mlar. Bu, sistemin y&uuml;r&uuml;t&uuml;lebilir dosyalar\u0131 bulma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan y&ouml;netir.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Kapsam ve Eri\u015fim Y&ouml;netimi<\/h3>\n<p>Ortam de\u011fi\u015fkenleri, tan\u0131mland\u0131klar\u0131 yere g&ouml;re farkl\u0131 kapsamlar yarat\u0131r, bu da sistemin hangi kullan\u0131c\u0131lara veya s&uuml;re&ccedil;lere hangi yap\u0131land\u0131rmay\u0131 uygulayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirler. Bu kapsamlar \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sistem &Ccedil;ap\u0131nda Ortam De\u011fi\u015fkenleri:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Bunlar t&uuml;m kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i&ccedil;in mevcuttur ve sistem y&ouml;neticisi taraf\u0131ndan ayarlan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla genel sistem davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 temelden y&ouml;netirler.<\/li>\n<li>Bu de\u011fi\u015fkenler, <code>\/etc\/environment<\/code>, <code>\/etc\/profile<\/code> ve <code>\/etc\/bash.bashrc<\/code> gibi dosyalarda tan\u0131mlan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kullan\u0131c\u0131ya &Ouml;zg&uuml; Ortam De\u011fi\u015fkenleri:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Bunlar kullan\u0131c\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na tan\u0131mlan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kendi tercihlerini ve ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 saklayarak bireysel &ccedil;al\u0131\u015fma ortam\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 y&ouml;netirler.<\/li>\n<li>Bu de\u011fi\u015fkenler <code>~\/.bashrc<\/code>, <code>~\/.profile<\/code> veya <code>~\/.bash_profile<\/code> gibi dosyalarda saklan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kabuk De\u011fi\u015fkenleri (Shell Variables):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Bunlar yaln\u0131zca o anda &ccedil;al\u0131\u015fan kabuk oturumu (terminal) i&ccedil;inde var olur.<\/li>\n<li>&Ccedil;al\u0131\u015fan oturumun davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 anl\u0131k olarak y&ouml;netmek &uuml;zere terminal i&ccedil;inde olu\u015fturulabilir ve de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilirler.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&Ouml;zetle, ortam de\u011fi\u015fkenleri, <strong>sistemin veya bireysel kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n hangi kaynaklara eri\u015febilece\u011fini, hangi tercihleri kullanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve komutlar\u0131 nas\u0131l y&uuml;r&uuml;tece\u011fini<\/strong> belirleyen temel dinamik ayar katman\u0131d\u0131r. T\u0131pk\u0131 bir binan\u0131n \u0131s\u0131tma, elektrik ve su sistemlerinin bina sakinlerinin g&uuml;nl&uuml;k davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemesi gibi, ortam de\u011fi\u015fkenleri de Linux s&uuml;re&ccedil;lerinin ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n &ccedil;al\u0131\u015fma \u015feklini belirleyen temel altyap\u0131 ayarlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Linux sistemlerinde <strong>sistem &ccedil;ap\u0131ndaki ortam de\u011fi\u015fkenleri<\/strong> (System-Wide Environment Variables), t&uuml;m kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i&ccedil;in eri\u015filebilir olan ve sistem y&ouml;neticisi taraf\u0131ndan ayarlanan de\u011fi\u015fkenlerdir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu de\u011fi\u015fkenler a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki dosyalarda tan\u0131mlan\u0131r:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\/etc\/environment<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\/etc\/profile<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\/etc\/bash.bashrc<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bu dosyalar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tan\u0131mlanan de\u011fi\u015fkenler, sistemin genel davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 temelden y&ouml;netir.<\/p>\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca, kaynaklar kullan\u0131c\u0131ya &ouml;zg&uuml; ortam de\u011fi\u015fkenlerinin ise <code>~\/.bashrc<\/code>, <code>~\/.profile<\/code> veya <code>~\/.bash_profile<\/code> gibi dosyalarda sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PATH<\/strong> de\u011fi\u015fkeni, <strong>sistemin arama yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 dizinleri tan\u0131mlar<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Kaynaklarda ayr\u0131ca, <strong>PATH<\/strong> de\u011fi\u015fkeninin en s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan ortam de\u011fi\u015fkenlerinden biri oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir. Ortam de\u011fi\u015fkenlerinin genel olarak sistem yolu (system path), kullan\u0131c\u0131 tercihleri ve ayarlar gibi yap\u0131land\u0131rma verilerini depolad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu sayede <strong>sistem s&uuml;re&ccedil;lerinin ve uygulamalar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> da eklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","excerpt":"Linux sistemlerinde ortam de\u011fi\u015fkenleri, sistemin davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 temelden y\u00f6neten dinamik de\u011ferlerdir.","created_at":"2025-11-26 20:50:22","updated_at":"2026-09-23 20:08:10","category_id":10,"view_count":473,"reading_time":4,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2025-11-26 17:50:00","featured_image":"fb9317fe1fc752d95fee2efd534e1eea.png","slug":"linux-ortam-degiskenleri-rehberi","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix","category_color":"#2a1952"},{"id":49,"title":"SSH Brute-Force Sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 Ubuntu ve Red Hat'te Otomatik Olarak Nas\u0131l Engelleriz","content":"SSH servislerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 herhangi bir sunucunun log dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyecek olursan\u0131z, sistematik giri\u015f denemelerini, bot'lar\u0131n ve sald\u0131rganlar\u0131n s\u00fcrekli parola deneme giri\u015fimlerini g\u00f6receksiniz. Bu brute-force sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131, Linux sunucular\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini tehlikeye atman\u0131n en yayg\u0131n y\u00f6ntemlerinden biridir. Bu yaz\u0131da, Ubuntu ve Red Hat tabanl\u0131 sistemlerde SSH brute-force sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 otomatik olarak engellemek i\u00e7in kullanabilece\u011finiz pratik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri detayl\u0131 olarak anlataca\u011f\u0131m. <h2>SSH Brute-Force Sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 Nedir?<\/h2> Brute-force sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131, sald\u0131rganlar\u0131n sistematik olarak farkl\u0131 kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131 ve parola kombinasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 deneyerek sisteme yetkisiz eri\u015fim sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 otomatik sald\u0131r\u0131lard\u0131r. Bu sald\u0131r\u0131lar: <ul> <li><strong>Y\u00fcksek Frekansl\u0131<\/strong>: Saniyede y\u00fczlerce deneme yapabilir<\/li> <li><strong>S\u00fcrekli<\/strong>: 7\/24 devam edebilir<\/li> <li><strong>Otomatik<\/strong>: Bot'lar ve script'ler taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir<\/li> <li><strong>Hedef Odakl\u0131<\/strong>: SSH (port 22) en pop\u00fcler hedeftir<\/li> <\/ul> <strong>Ger\u00e7ek D\u00fcnya \u00d6rne\u011fi:<\/strong> <pre><code ># Tipik brute-force sald\u0131r\u0131 log'u Jun 10 15:32:15 server sshd: Failed password for admin from 192.168.1.100 port 45678 ssh2 Jun 10 15:32:17 server sshd: Failed password for root from 192.168.1.100 port 45679 ssh2 Jun 10 15:32:19 server sshd: Failed password for user from 192.168.1.100 port 45680 ssh2 <\/code><\/pre> <h2>\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm 1: Fail2Ban - Dinamik IP Banlama<\/h2> Fail2ban, log dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrekli izleyerek \u015f\u00fcpheli aktiviteleri tespit eden ve otomatik olarak firewall kurallar\u0131 olu\u015fturan bir intrusion prevention sistemidir. <h3>Ubuntu'da Fail2Ban Kurulumu<\/h3> <pre><code ># Paket listesini g\u00fcncelle sudo apt update # Fail2ban kurulumu sudo apt install fail2ban -y # Servisi etkinle\u015ftir ve ba\u015flat sudo systemctl enable fail2ban sudo systemctl start fail2ban # Durumu kontrol et sudo systemctl status fail2ban <\/code><\/pre> <h3>Red Hat\/CentOS'ta Fail2Ban Kurulumu<\/h3> <pre><code ># EPEL repository'yi etkinle\u015ftir (gerekiyorsa) sudo yum install epel-release -y # RHEL 8\/9 i\u00e7in sudo dnf install fail2ban -y # RHEL 7\/CentOS 7 i\u00e7in sudo yum install fail2ban -y # Servisi ba\u015flat sudo systemctl enable fail2ban sudo systemctl start fail2ban <\/code><\/pre> <h3>Fail2Ban SSH Jail Konfig\u00fcrasyonu<\/h3> <pre><code ># Ana konfig\u00fcrasyon dosyas\u0131n\u0131 kopyala sudo cp \/etc\/fail2ban\/jail.conf \/etc\/fail2ban\/jail.local # SSH jail'i i\u00e7in \u00f6zel konfig\u00fcrasyon sudo nano \/etc\/fail2ban\/jail.d\/sshd.local <\/code><\/pre> <strong>SSH Jail Konfig\u00fcrasyonu (<code>\/etc\/fail2ban\/jail.d\/sshd.local<\/code>):<\/strong> <pre><code > enabled = true port = ssh filter = sshd logpath = \/var\/log\/auth.log # Ubuntu #logpath = \/var\/log\/secure # Red Hat\/CentOS maxretry = 3 # 3 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z denemeden sonra banla bantime = 3600 # 1 saat ban s\u00fcresi (3600 saniye) findtime = 600 # 10 dakika i\u00e7inde 3 deneme ignoreip = 127.0.0.1\/8 # Yerel IP'leri hari\u00e7 tut backend = systemd # Modern sistemler i\u00e7in # E-posta bildirimleri i\u00e7in (opsiyonel) action = %(action_mwl)s <\/code><\/pre> <strong>\u0130leri Seviye SSH Jail Konfig\u00fcrasyonu:<\/strong> <pre><code > enabled = true port = ssh filter = sshd logpath = \/var\/log\/auth.log maxretry = 2 # Daha agresif: 2 deneme bantime = 86400 # 24 saat ban findtime = 300 # 5 dakika pencere backend = systemd # Recidive (tekrar eden) sald\u0131rganlar i\u00e7in enabled = true filter = recidive logpath = \/var\/log\/fail2ban.log maxretry = 3 bantime = 604800 # 1 hafta ban findtime = 86400 # 24 saat i\u00e7inde <\/code><\/pre> <h3>Fail2Ban Servisini Yeniden Ba\u015flatma ve Test<\/h3> <pre><code ># Konfig\u00fcrasyonu test et sudo fail2ban-client -t # Servisi yeniden ba\u015flat sudo systemctl restart fail2ban # SSH jail durumunu kontrol et sudo fail2ban-client status sshd # Fail2ban genel durumu sudo fail2ban-client status <\/code><\/pre> <h3>Fail2Ban Y\u00f6netimi ve \u0130zleme<\/h3> <pre><code ># Banl\u0131 IP'leri listele sudo fail2ban-client status sshd # Specific IP'yi manuel banla sudo fail2ban-client set sshd banip 192.168.1.100 # IP ban'\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131r sudo fail2ban-client set sshd unbanip 192.168.1.100 # T\u00fcm ban'lar\u0131 temizle sudo fail2ban-client unban --all # Fail2ban log'lar\u0131n\u0131 izle sudo tail -f \/var\/log\/fail2ban.log <\/code><\/pre> <h2>\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm 2: PAM Faillock - Sistem Seviyesi Hesap Kilitleme<\/h2> PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) faillock, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z giri\u015f denemelerinden sonra kullan\u0131c\u0131 hesaplar\u0131n\u0131 sistem seviyesinde kilitleyen bir mod\u00fcld\u00fcr. <h3>Ubuntu'da PAM_tally2 Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/h3> Ubuntu sistemlerinde genellikle <code>pam_tally2<\/code> mod\u00fcl\u00fc kullan\u0131l\u0131r: <pre><code ># PAM konfig\u00fcrasyon dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenle sudo nano \/etc\/pam.d\/common-auth # \u015eu sat\u0131rlar\u0131 ekle: auth required pam_tally2.so deny=3 unlock_time=1800 onerr=fail audit even_deny_root # Account konfig\u00fcrasyonu sudo nano \/etc\/pam.d\/common-account # \u015eu sat\u0131r\u0131 ekle: account required pam_tally2.so <\/code><\/pre> <strong>PAM_tally2 Parametreleri:<\/strong> <ul> <li><code>deny=3<\/code>: 3 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z denemeden sonra kilitle<\/li> <li><code>unlock_time=1800<\/code>: 30 dakika sonra otomatik kilidi a\u00e7<\/li> <li><code>onerr=fail<\/code>: Hata durumunda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z say<\/li> <li><code>audit<\/code>: Giri\u015fimleri logla<\/li> <li><code>even_deny_root<\/code>: Root kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da kilitle<\/li> <\/ul> <h3>Red Hat\/CentOS'ta PAM_faillock Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/h3> Modern Red Hat sistemlerinde <code>pam_faillock<\/code> tercih edilir: <pre><code ># Sistem auth konfig\u00fcrasyonu sudo nano \/etc\/pam.d\/system-auth # Auth b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ekle: auth required pam_faillock.so preauth silent audit deny=3 unlock_time=1800 auth required pam_faillock.so authfail audit deny=3 unlock_time=1800 # Account b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ekle: account required pam_faillock.so # Password auth konfig\u00fcrasyonu sudo nano \/etc\/pam.d\/password-auth # Ayn\u0131 sat\u0131rlar\u0131 buraya da ekle <\/code><\/pre> <strong>Modern PAM_faillock Konfig\u00fcrasyonu (\/etc\/security\/faillock.conf):<\/strong> <pre><code ># Faillock konfig\u00fcrasyonu deny = 3 # Maksimum ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z deneme unlock_time = 1800 # Kilit s\u00fcresi (saniye) fail_interval = 900 # Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z deneme penceresi dir = \/var\/run\/faillock # Faillock dosya dizini audit # Audit loglar\u0131 aktif silent # Sessiz mod even_deny_root # Root'u da kilitle <\/code><\/pre> <h3>PAM Faillock Y\u00f6netimi<\/h3> <pre><code ># Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z deneme say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kontrol et sudo faillock --user username # Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kilitini a\u00e7 sudo faillock --user username --reset # T\u00fcm kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n durumunu g\u00f6ster sudo faillock # \u00d6rnek output: # user1: # When Type Source Valid # 2025-06-12 14:30:15 RHOST 192.168.1.100 V # 2025-06-12 14:30:18 RHOST 192.168.1.100 V # 2025-06-12 14:30:21 RHOST 192.168.1.100 V <\/code><\/pre> <h2>\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm 3: iptables ile Rate Limiting<\/h2> Iptables kullanarak connection rate limiting uygulayabilirsiniz: <pre><code ># SSH connection rate limiting sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW -m recent --set sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW -m recent --update --seconds 60 --hitcount 4 -j DROP # Alternatif olarak hashlimit mod\u00fcl\u00fc sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW -m hashlimit --hashlimit-above 3\/min --hashlimit-burst 3 --hashlimit-mode srcip --hashlimit-name ssh --hashlimit-htable-expire 60000 -j DROP # Kurallar\u0131 kaydet # Ubuntu i\u00e7in: sudo iptables-save &gt; \/etc\/iptables\/rules.v4 # Red Hat i\u00e7in: sudo service iptables save <\/code><\/pre> <h2>\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm 4: SSH Konfig\u00fcrasyon Sertle\u015ftirme<\/h2> SSH daemon konfig\u00fcrasyonunu sertle\u015ftirerek sald\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fczeyini azalt\u0131n: <pre><code ># SSH konfig\u00fcrasyonu sudo nano \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config # G\u00fcvenlik ayarlar\u0131: MaxAuthTries 3 # Maksimum deneme say\u0131s\u0131 MaxSessions 4 # Maksimum e\u015fzamanl\u0131 oturum LoginGraceTime 30 # Giri\u015f s\u00fcresi limiti ClientAliveInterval 300 # Keep-alive s\u00fcresi ClientAliveCountMax 2 # Maksimum keep-alive say\u0131s\u0131 # Ba\u011flant\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131 MaxStartups 3 # Bekleyen ba\u011flant\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 # Kullan\u0131c\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 AllowUsers admin user1 # Sadece belirli kullan\u0131c\u0131lar DenyUsers root guest # Yasakl\u0131 kullan\u0131c\u0131lar # Root giri\u015fini engelle PermitRootLogin no # Parola tabanl\u0131 giri\u015fi devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak PasswordAuthentication no PubkeyAuthentication yes # SSH restart sudo systemctl restart sshd <\/code><\/pre> <h2>Kombine \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: \u00c7ok Katmanl\u0131 G\u00fcvenlik<\/h2> En etkili yakla\u015f\u0131m, birden fazla y\u00f6ntemi birle\u015ftirmektir: <h3>1. SSH Sertle\u015ftirme + Fail2Ban Kombinasyonu<\/h3> <pre><code ># 1. SSH'\u0131 sertle\u015ftir sudo nano \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config # MaxAuthTries 2 # LoginGraceTime 20 # 2. Agresif Fail2Ban konfig\u00fcrasyonu sudo nano \/etc\/fail2ban\/jail.d\/ssh-hardened.local <\/code><\/pre> <pre><code > enabled = true port = ssh filter = sshd logpath = \/var\/log\/auth.log maxretry = 2 bantime = 7200 # 2 saat findtime = 300 # 5 dakika backend = systemd enabled = true filter = sshd-ddos port = ssh logpath = \/var\/log\/auth.log maxretry = 6 bantime = 3600 findtime = 60 <\/code><\/pre> <h3>2. PAM Faillock + Fail2Ban Hybrid<\/h3> <pre><code ># PAM ile yerel hesap korumas\u0131 # Fail2Ban ile a\u011f seviyesi korumas\u0131 # \/etc\/security\/faillock.conf deny = 2 unlock_time = 900 # \/etc\/fail2ban\/jail.d\/hybrid.local enabled = true port = ssh filter = sshd maxretry = 3 bantime = 1800 findtime = 600 <\/code><\/pre> <h2>\u0130zleme ve Alerting<\/h2> <h3>1. Fail2Ban E-posta Bildirimleri<\/h3> <pre><code ># Postfix kurulumu (Ubuntu) sudo apt install postfix mailutils -y # Fail2Ban action konfig\u00fcrasyonu sudo nano \/etc\/fail2ban\/action.d\/sendmail-common.local <\/code><\/pre> <pre><code > actionstart = echo \"Fail2ban %(name)s started on %(hostname)s\" | mail -s \"Fail2ban Alert\" admin@yourdomain.com actionstop = echo \"Fail2ban %(name)s stopped on %(hostname)s\" | mail -s \"Fail2ban Alert\" admin@yourdomain.com actionban = echo \"IP %(ip)s banned on %(hostname)s\" | mail -s \"Fail2ban Ban Alert\" admin@yourdomain.com actionunban = echo \"IP %(ip)s unbanned on %(hostname)s\" | mail -s \"Fail2ban Unban Alert\" admin@yourdomain.com <\/code><\/pre> <h3>2. Log \u0130zleme Script'i<\/h3> <pre><code >#!\/bin\/bash # ssh_monitor.sh # SSH sald\u0131r\u0131 analizi echo \"=== SSH Brute Force Analizi ===\" echo \"Son 24 saatteki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z SSH giri\u015fleri:\" # Ubuntu i\u00e7in if ; then grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log | grep \"$(date +'%b %d')\" | \\ awk '{print $(NF-3)}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr | head -10 fi # Red Hat i\u00e7in if ; then grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/secure | grep \"$(date +'%b %d')\" | \\ awk '{print $(NF-3)}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr | head -10 fi echo \"\" echo \"=== Fail2Ban Durumu ===\" fail2ban-client status sshd echo \"\" echo \"=== PAM Faillock Durumu ===\" faillock 2&gt;\/dev\/null || pam_tally2 2&gt;\/dev\/null || echo \"PAM faillock\/tally2 bulunamad\u0131\" <\/code><\/pre> <h3>3. Ger\u00e7ek Zamanl\u0131 \u0130zleme<\/h3> <pre><code ># Fail2ban log'lar\u0131n\u0131 canl\u0131 izleme sudo tail -f \/var\/log\/fail2ban.log | grep -E \"(Ban|Unban|NOTICE)\" # SSH giri\u015flerini canl\u0131 izleme sudo tail -f \/var\/log\/auth.log | grep sshd # Ubuntu sudo tail -f \/var\/log\/secure | grep sshd # Red Hat # Banl\u0131 IP'leri periyodik kontrol watch -n 5 'fail2ban-client status sshd' <\/code><\/pre> <h2>Troubleshooting ve Yayg\u0131n Sorunlar<\/h2> <h3>1. Kendimizi Banlad\u0131k<\/h3> <pre><code ># Fiziksel eri\u015fim varsa: sudo fail2ban-client set sshd unbanip YOUR_IP # Alternatif olarak fail2ban'\u0131 durdur sudo systemctl stop fail2ban # IP'yi manuel olarak iptables'dan kald\u0131r sudo iptables -D fail2ban-sshd -s YOUR_IP -j REJECT <\/code><\/pre> <h3>2. PAM Faillock \u00c7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yor<\/h3> <pre><code ># SSH konfig\u00fcrasyonunu kontrol et sudo nano \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config # Bu ayarlar olmal\u0131: UsePAM yes ChallengeResponseAuthentication yes PasswordAuthentication no # PAM conversation'\u0131 zorlamak i\u00e7in sudo systemctl restart sshd <\/code><\/pre> <h3>3. Fail2Ban Filter Problemleri<\/h3> <pre><code ># Filter'\u0131 test et sudo fail2ban-regex \/var\/log\/auth.log \/etc\/fail2ban\/filter.d\/sshd.conf # Custom filter olu\u015ftur sudo nano \/etc\/fail2ban\/filter.d\/sshd-custom.conf <\/code><\/pre> <pre><code > failregex = ^%(__prefix_line)s(?:error: PAM: )?uthentication (?:failure|error|failed) for .* from &lt;HOST&gt;( via \\S+)?\\s*$ ^%(__prefix_line)s(?:error: )?Received disconnect from &lt;HOST&gt;: 3: .*: Auth fail$ ^%(__prefix_line)sFailed \\S+ for (?P&lt;preuser&gt;\\S+|\\) from &lt;HOST&gt;(?: port \\d+)?(?: ssh\\d*)?(?:: message repeated \\d+ times)?$ <\/code><\/pre> <h2>Best Practices ve \u00d6neriler<\/h2> <h3>1. Katmanl\u0131 G\u00fcvenlik Stratejisi<\/h3> <pre><code ># 1. SSH Key-based Authentication ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C \"your_email@example.com\" # 2. SSH Port De\u011fi\u015ftirme sudo nano \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config # Port 2222 # 3. Fail2Ban + PAM Faillock # Her ikisini de kullan\u0131n # 4. VPN kullan\u0131m\u0131 (\u00fcretim ortamlar\u0131 i\u00e7in) # SSH'\u0131 sadece VPN \u00fczerinden eri\u015filebilir yap\u0131n <\/code><\/pre> <h3>2. Monitoring ve Alerting<\/h3> <pre><code ># Nagios\/Zabbix entegrasyonu # SIEM sistemi entegrasyonu # Log aggregation (ELK Stack, Splunk) <\/code><\/pre> <h3>3. D\u00fczenli G\u00fcvenlik Denetimleri<\/h3> <pre><code >#!\/bin\/bash # security_audit.sh echo \"=== SSH G\u00fcvenlik Denetimi ===\" # SSH konfig\u00fcrasyon kontrol\u00fc sshd -T | grep -E \"(MaxAuthTries|LoginGraceTime|PermitRootLogin)\" # Fail2Ban durumu fail2ban-client status # A\u00e7\u0131k portlar ss -tlnp | grep :22 # Son sald\u0131r\u0131lar grep \"Failed password\" \/var\/log\/auth.log | tail -20 <\/code><\/pre> <h2>Sonu\u00e7<\/h2> SSH brute-force sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan korunmak i\u00e7in: <ol> <li><strong>Fail2Ban<\/strong>: A\u011f seviyesi koruma, dinamik IP banlama<\/li> <li><strong>PAM Faillock<\/strong>: Sistem seviyesi hesap kilitleme<\/li> <li><strong>SSH Sertle\u015ftirme<\/strong>: Sald\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fczeyini azaltma<\/li> <li><strong>\u0130zleme<\/strong>: S\u00fcrekli g\u00fcvenlik durumu takibi<\/li> <\/ol> <strong>En \u0130yi Yakla\u015f\u0131m<\/strong>: Bu y\u00f6ntemleri kombine ederek \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131 bir g\u00fcvenlik stratejisi olu\u015fturun. Fail2Ban ile a\u011f seviyesinde koruma sa\u011flarken, PAM ile sistem seviyesinde hesap g\u00fcvenli\u011fini art\u0131r\u0131n. <strong>Unutmay\u0131n<\/strong>: G\u00fcvenlik bir hedef de\u011fil, s\u00fcrekli bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. D\u00fczenli olarak log'lar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 inceleyin, sald\u0131r\u0131 trendlerini takip edin ve g\u00fcvenlik stratejinizi g\u00fcncel tutun. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131mlarla SSH sunucunuzu brute-force sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 etkili \u015fekilde koruyabilir ve sistem g\u00fcvenli\u011finizi \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131rabilirsiniz.","excerpt":"SSH servislerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 herhangi bir sunucunun log dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyecek olursan\u0131z, sistematik giri\u015f denemelerini, bot'lar\u0131n ve...","created_at":"2025-06-12 13:33:27","updated_at":"2026-09-23 16:37:13","category_id":10,"view_count":750,"reading_time":10,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2025-06-12 13:33:27","featured_image":"resimyok.jpg","slug":"ssh-brute-force-saldirilarini-ubuntu-ve-red-hatte-otomatik-olarak-nasil-engelleriz","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix","category_color":"#2a1952"},{"id":61,"title":"Ubuntu Desktop kullan\u0131clar\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olmazsa olmazlar","content":"<p>1. Temel Sistem G&uuml;ncellemeleri<\/p>\r\n<pre data-enlighter-language=\"python\"> Sistem g&uuml;ncellemesi sudo apt update &amp;&amp; sudo apt upgrade -y Snap paketlerini g&uuml;ncelle sudo snap refresh Flatpak g&uuml;ncellemesi (varsa) flatpak update Kernel ve g&uuml;venlik g&uuml;ncellemeleri sudo apt install unattended-upgrades sudo dpkg-reconfigure -plow unattended-upgrades <\/pre>\r\n<p>2. Sistem Y&ouml;netimi Ara&ccedil;lar\u0131 Komut Sat\u0131r\u0131 Ara&ccedil;lar\u0131<\/p>\r\n<pre data-enlighter-language=\"python\"> Temel sistem ara&ccedil;lar\u0131 sudo apt install -y \\ htop btop \\ iotop \\ nethogs \\ tree \\ curl wget \\ git vim nano \\ screen tmux \\ rsync \\ zip unzip \\ build-essential \\ software-properties-common \\ apt-transport-https \\ ca-certificates \\ gnupg \\ lsb-release Sistem izleme ara&ccedil;lar\u0131 sudo apt install -y \\ glances \\ neofetch \\ lshw \\ inxi \\ hardinfo \\ sysbench \\ stress-ng A\u011f ara&ccedil;lar\u0131 sudo apt install -y \\ nmap \\ netstat-nat \\ traceroute \\ dig \\ whois \\ tcpdump \\ wireshark \\ iftop \\ speedtest-cli <\/pre>\r\n<p>GUI Sistem Ara&ccedil;lar\u0131<\/p>\r\n<pre data-enlighter-language=\"python\"> Sistem y&ouml;netimi GUI ara&ccedil;lar\u0131 sudo apt install -y \\ gnome-system-monitor \\ gnome-disk-utility \\ gparted \\ baobab \\ bleachbit \\ synaptic \\ software-properties-gtk \\ dconf-editor \\ gnome-tweaks Dosya y&ouml;neticisi geli\u015ftirmeleri sudo apt install -y \\ nautilus-admin \\ nautilus-extension-gnome-terminal <\/pre>\r\n<p>3. A\u011f ve G&uuml;venlik Ara&ccedil;lar\u0131<\/p>\r\n<pre data-enlighter-language=\"python\"> G&uuml;venlik ara&ccedil;lar\u0131 sudo apt install -y \\ ufw \\ fail2ban \\ rkhunter \\ chkrootkit \\ clamav clamav-daemon \\ lynis UFW g&uuml;venlik duvar\u0131n\u0131 etkinle\u015ftir sudo ufw enable sudo ufw default deny incoming sudo ufw default allow outgoing SSH g&uuml;venli\u011fi (gerekirse) sudo apt install openssh-server sudo systemctl enable ssh sudo ufw allow ssh Fail2ban konfig&uuml;rasyonu sudo systemctl enable fail2ban sudo systemctl start fail2ban <\/pre>\r\n<p>4. Ofis ve Verimlilik Uygulamalar\u0131<\/p>\r\n<pre data-enlighter-language=\"python\"> LibreOffice (tam s&uuml;r&uuml;m) sudo apt install -y libreoffice libreoffice-l10n-tr Web taray\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 sudo apt install -y firefox wget -q -O - https:\/\/dl.google.com\/linux\/linux_signing_key.pub | sudo apt-key add - sudo sh -c 'echo \"deb http:\/\/dl.google.com\/linux\/chrome\/deb\/ stable main\" &gt;&gt; \/etc\/apt\/sources.list.d\/google-chrome.list' sudo apt update &amp;&amp; sudo apt install google-chrome-stable \u0130leti\u015fim ara&ccedil;lar\u0131 sudo snap install discord sudo snap install telegram-desktop sudo snap install slack Not alma ve dok&uuml;mantasyon sudo apt install -y \\ obsidian \\ typora \\ remarkable \\ xournalpp PDF ara&ccedil;lar\u0131 sudo apt install -y \\ okular \\ pdftk \\ qpdf <\/pre>\r\n<p>5. Geli\u015ftirme ve Programlama Ara&ccedil;lar\u0131<\/p>\r\n<pre data-enlighter-language=\"python\"> Text edit&ouml;rler ve IDE'ler sudo snap install --classic code sudo snap install --classic sublime-text sudo snap install --classic atom Programlama dilleri sudo apt install -y \\ python3 python3-pip \\ nodejs npm \\ default-jdk \\ php \\ ruby Veritaban\u0131 ara&ccedil;lar\u0131 sudo apt install -y \\ mysql-client \\ postgresql-client \\ sqlite3 \\ redis-tools Container ara&ccedil;lar\u0131 sudo apt install -y docker.io docker-compose sudo usermod -aG docker $USER <\/pre>\r\n<p>6. Multimedya ve Grafik Ara&ccedil;lar\u0131<\/p>\r\n<pre data-enlighter-language=\"python\"> Multimedya codec'leri sudo apt install -y ubuntu-restricted-extras Ses\/Video ara&ccedil;lar\u0131 sudo apt install -y \\ vlc \\ audacity \\ obs-studio \\ kdenlive \\ handbrake Grafik ara&ccedil;lar\u0131 sudo apt install -y \\ gimp \\ inkscape \\ blender \\ krita <\/pre>\r\n<p>7. Sistem \u0130yile\u015ftirmeleri Performans \u0130yile\u015ftirmeleri<\/p>\r\n<pre data-enlighter-language=\"python\"> Swappiness ayar\u0131 (SSD i&ccedil;in) echo 'vm.swappiness=10' | sudo tee -a \/etc\/sysctl.conf I\/O Scheduler optimizasyonu (SSD i&ccedil;in) echo 'elevator=noop' | sudo tee -a \/etc\/default\/grub sudo update-grub Preload (s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan uygulamalar\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r) sudo apt install preload TLP (laptop pil optimizasyonu) sudo apt install tlp tlp-rdw sudo systemctl enable tlp sudo tlp start <\/pre>\r\n<p>Temizlik ve Bak\u0131m<\/p>\r\n<pre data-enlighter-language=\"python\"> Otomatik temizlik scripti olu\u015ftur sudo tee \/usr\/local\/bin\/system-cleanup &gt; \/dev\/null &lt;&lt; 'EOF' !\/bin\/bash echo \"Sistem temizli\u011fi ba\u015fl\u0131yor...\" sudo apt autoremove -y sudo apt autoclean sudo snap refresh sudo journalctl --vacuum-time=7d bleachbit --clean system.cache system.localizations system.trash echo \"Sistem temizli\u011fi tamamland\u0131!\" EOF sudo chmod +x \/usr\/local\/bin\/system-cleanup Haftal\u0131k otomatik temizlik i&ccedil;in crontab (crontab -l 2&gt;\/dev\/null; echo \"0 2 * * 0 \/usr\/local\/bin\/system-cleanup\") | crontab - <\/pre>\r\n<p>GNOME Optimizasyonlar\u0131<\/p>\r\n<pre data-enlighter-language=\"python\"> GNOME Shell extension'lar\u0131 sudo apt install gnome-shell-extensions Extensions Manager sudo apt install gnome-shell-extension-manager &Ouml;nerilen extensions: - Dash to Dock - User Themes - GSConnect (Android entegrasyonu) - Clipboard Indicator - CPU Power Manager <\/pre>\r\n<p>8. Yedekleme ve Senkronizasyon<\/p>\r\n<pre data-enlighter-language=\"python\"> Yedekleme ara&ccedil;lar\u0131 sudo apt install -y \\ rsync \\ duplicity \\ deja-dup \\ timeshift Timeshift otomatik sistem yede\u011fi sudo timeshift --create --comments \"Initial System Backup\" Cloud sync ara&ccedil;lar\u0131 sudo apt install -y \\ rclone \\ insync Git konfig&uuml;rasyonu git config --global user.name \"Ad\u0131n\u0131z\" git config --global user.email \"email@domain.com\" <\/pre>\r\n<p>9. A\u011f ve Uzaktan Eri\u015fim<\/p>\r\n<pre data-enlighter-language=\"python\"> VPN ara&ccedil;lar\u0131 sudo apt install -y \\ openvpn \\ network-manager-openvpn \\ network-manager-openvpn-gnome Uzaktan masa&uuml;st&uuml; sudo apt install -y \\ remmina \\ remmina-plugin-rdp \\ remmina-plugin-vnc \\ teamviewer SSH tunel ve port y&ouml;nlendirme sudo apt install -y autossh <\/pre>\r\n<p>10. Sistem \u0130zleme ve Log Y&ouml;netimi<\/p>\r\n<pre data-enlighter-language=\"python\"> Log y&ouml;netimi sudo apt install -y logrotate rsyslog Sistem izleme ara&ccedil;lar\u0131 sudo apt install -y \\ munin \\ nagios-nrpe-server \\ collectd Sistem metrikleri sudo apt install -y sysstat sudo systemctl enable sysstat Disk kullan\u0131m izleme sudo apt install -y ncdu <\/pre>\r\n<p>11. G&uuml;venlik Sertle\u015ftirme<\/p>\r\n<pre data-enlighter-language=\"python\"> AppArmor profilleri sudo apt install -y apparmor-profiles apparmor-utils G&uuml;venlik g&uuml;ncellemeleri otomati\u011fi sudo tee \/etc\/apt\/apt.conf.d\/20auto-upgrades &gt; \/dev\/null &lt;&lt; 'EOF' APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists \"1\"; APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages \"1\"; APT::Periodic::AutocleanInterval \"7\"; APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade \"1\"; EOF Root hesab\u0131n\u0131 kilitle sudo passwd -l root Sudo timeout ayar\u0131 echo 'Defaults timestamp_timeout=5' | sudo tee -a \/etc\/sudoers.d\/timeout <\/pre>\r\n<p>12. Klavye K\u0131sayollar\u0131 ve &Uuml;retkenlik<\/p>\r\n<pre data-enlighter-language=\"python\"> Clipboard manager sudo apt install -y copyq Launcher (alternatif) sudo apt install -y ulauncher Screenshot ara&ccedil;lar\u0131 sudo apt install -y flameshot shutter Ekran kayd\u0131 sudo apt install -y simplescreenrecorder <\/pre>\r\n<p>13. Sistem Bilgi ve Raporlama<\/p>\r\n<pre data-enlighter-language=\"python\"> Sistem bilgi scripti olu\u015ftur sudo tee \/usr\/local\/bin\/system-info &gt; \/dev\/null &lt;&lt; 'EOF' !\/bin\/bash echo \"=== Sistem Bilgileri ===\" echo \"OS: $(lsb_release -d | cut -f2)\" echo \"Kernel: $(uname -r)\" echo \"Uptime: $(uptime -p)\" echo \"Load Average: $(cat \/proc\/loadavg | cut -d' ' -f1-3)\" echo \"Memory: $(free -h | grep '^Mem:' | awk '{print $3\"\/\"$2}')\" echo \"Disk: $(df -h \/ | tail -1 | awk '{print $3\"\/\"$2\" (\"$5\" kullan\u0131mda)\"}')\" echo \"=== Aktif Servisler ===\" systemctl list-units --type=service --state=active | head -10 EOF sudo chmod +x \/usr\/local\/bin\/system-info <\/pre>\r\n<p>14. Kurulum Sonras\u0131 Kontrol Listesi - Sistem g&uuml;ncellemelerini kontrol et - G&uuml;venlik duvar\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131r - Otomatik yedekleme ayarla - Gerekli uygulamalar\u0131 kur - Sistem performans\u0131n\u0131 optimize et - G&uuml;venlik ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 sertle\u015ftir - Log dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131r - Kullan\u0131c\u0131 hesap ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol et - A\u011f ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 test et - Sistem izleme ara&ccedil;lar\u0131n\u0131 aktive et 15. Haftal\u0131k Bak\u0131m Rutini<\/p>\r\n<pre data-enlighter-language=\"python\"> Haftal\u0131k bak\u0131m scripti sudo tee \/usr\/local\/bin\/weekly-maintenance &gt; \/dev\/null &lt;&lt; 'EOF' !\/bin\/bash echo \"Haftal\u0131k sistem bak\u0131m\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131yor...\" sudo apt update &amp;&amp; sudo apt upgrade -y sudo apt autoremove -y sudo apt autoclean system-cleanup sudo rkhunter --update &amp;&amp; sudo rkhunter --check --sk sudo freshclam &amp;&amp; sudo clamscan -r \/home --bell -i echo \"Haftal\u0131k bak\u0131m tamamland\u0131!\" EOF sudo chmod +x \/usr\/local\/bin\/weekly-maintenance <\/pre>\r\n<p>&nbsp; Bonus , <strong>Microsoft Edge taray\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 kurulumu<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<pre data-enlighter-language=\"python\"># Microsoft Edge GPG anahtar\u0131n\u0131 ve deposunu ekleme curl https:\/\/packages.microsoft.com\/keys\/microsoft.asc | gpg --dearmor &gt; microsoft.gpg sudo install -o root -g root -m 644 microsoft.gpg \/usr\/share\/keyrings\/microsoft-archive-keyring.gpg sudo sh -c 'echo \"deb https:\/\/packages.microsoft.com\/repos\/edge stable main\" &gt; \/etc\/apt\/sources.list.d\/microsoft-edge.list' rm microsoft.gpg # Paket listesini g&uuml;ncelle ve Edge'i kur sudo apt update sudo apt install microsoft-edge-stable<\/pre>\r\n<p>Bu rehber sistem y&ouml;neticisi olarak Ubuntu masa&uuml;st&uuml;nde ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z olan temel ara&ccedil;lar\u0131 ve konfig&uuml;rasyonlar\u0131 i&ccedil;erir. &nbsp;<\/p>","excerpt":"1. Temel Sistem G\u00fcncellemeleri Sistem g\u00fcncellemesi sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y Snap paketlerini g\u00fcncelle sudo snap refresh...","created_at":"2025-06-09 10:31:09","updated_at":"2026-09-23 20:08:40","category_id":10,"view_count":760,"reading_time":6,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2025-06-09 10:31:00","featured_image":"api_pixabay_1762014229_6906341571b3e.jpg","slug":"ubuntu-desktop-kullaniclari-icin-gerekli-olmazsa-olmazlar","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix","category_color":"#2a1952"},{"id":62,"title":"A\u011f Sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7\u00f6zmek \u0130\u00e7in 5 Temel Komut ve Ayrt\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 Anlat\u0131m","content":"<p><strong><iframe style=\"width: 758px; height: 425px;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/3sonwYgzrro?si=cTBFj5mczsQy00da\" width=\"758\" height=\"425\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Sistem y&ouml;neticileri bilir:<\/strong> Bir \u015fey \"&ccedil;al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yor\" dendi\u011finde, %80 ihtimalle sorun a\u011f kaynakl\u0131d\u0131r. Neyse ki, y\u0131llar\u0131n tecr&uuml;besiyle s&uuml;z&uuml;lm&uuml;\u015f basit komutlar, problemi dakikalar i&ccedil;inde tespit etmenizi sa\u011flar. \u0130\u015fte her sistemcinin ezbere bildi\u011fi 5 ara&ccedil; ve neden vazge&ccedil;ilmez olduklar\u0131:<\/p>\n<h2><code>ss -tuln<\/code>: Dinlenen Portlar\u0131 An\u0131nda G&ouml;ster<\/h2>\n<h3>Ne \u0130\u015fe Yarar?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Hangi portlar\u0131n a&ccedil;\u0131k oldu\u011funu, hangi servislerin hangi IP adreslerinde &ccedil;al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 listeler<\/li>\n<li><code>netstat<\/code>'\u0131n modern ve daha h\u0131zl\u0131 alternatifi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Neden &Ouml;nemli?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\"Port a&ccedil;\u0131k m\u0131?\" sorusuna an\u0131nda cevap verir<\/li>\n<li>Firewall kurallar\u0131n\u0131 test etmeden &ouml;nce ilk bak\u0131lacak yer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>&nbsp;&Ouml;rnek &Ccedil;\u0131kt\u0131 Analizi<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">$ sudo ss -tulnp\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>&Ccedil;\u0131kt\u0131dan &Ouml;ne &Ccedil;\u0131kanlar:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Port 80 (HTTP):<\/strong> Web sunucusu aktif<\/li>\n<li><strong>Port 22 (SSH):<\/strong> Uzak eri\u015fim a&ccedil;\u0131k<\/li>\n<li><strong>Port 53 (DNS):<\/strong> Yerel DNS &ccedil;&ouml;z&uuml;mlemesi<\/li>\n<li><strong>Port 631 (CUPS):<\/strong> Yaz\u0131c\u0131 servisi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>&nbsp;G&uuml;venlik \u0130pu&ccedil;lar\u0131<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># Sadece belirli IP'den SSH eri\u015fimi\nsudo ufw allow from 192.168.1.0\/24 to any port 22\n\n# Gereksiz servisleri kapatma\nsudo systemctl stop cups\nsudo systemctl disable cups\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<hr>\n<h2><code>dig +short<\/code>: DNS Sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 De\u015fifre Et<\/h2>\n<h3>Ne \u0130\u015fe Yarar?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Alan ad\u0131n\u0131n DNS &ccedil;&ouml;z&uuml;mlemesini yapar (domain &rarr; IP)<\/li>\n<li>DNS sunucu sorgulama ve kay\u0131t kontrol&uuml;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Neden &Ouml;nemli?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\"DNS &ccedil;al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor mu?\" sorusunun en h\u0131zl\u0131 yan\u0131t\u0131<\/li>\n<li>CDN, load balancer veya bulut servislerinde ya\u015fanan gecikmelerin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulma<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>&nbsp;Kullan\u0131m &Ouml;rnekleri<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># Domain &rarr; IP &ccedil;&ouml;z&uuml;mleme\ndig +short ondernet.net\n\n# MX kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 g&ouml;rme\ndig +short mx google.com\n\n# Belirli DNS sunucusu sorgulama\ndig +short @8.8.8.8 google.com\n\n# Detayl\u0131 DNS sorgulama\ndig +trace example.com\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<hr>\n<h2><code>tcpdump<\/code>: Ger&ccedil;ek Zamanl\u0131 A\u011f Trafi\u011fini Dinle<\/h2>\n<h3>Ne \u0130\u015fe Yarar?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Belirtilen a\u011f arabiriminden ge&ccedil;en trafi\u011fi analiz eder<\/li>\n<li>Paket seviyesinde a\u011f dinleme<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Neden &Ouml;nemli?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\"\u0130stek sunucuya ula\u015ft\u0131 m\u0131?\" veya \"Yan\u0131t d&ouml;n&uuml;yor mu?\" sorular\u0131n\u0131 canl\u0131 izleme<\/li>\n<li>API hatalar\u0131nda \"Timeout m\u0131, yoksa paket kayb\u0131 m\u0131?\" ayr\u0131m\u0131<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>&nbsp;Kurulum<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># Debian\/Ubuntu\nsudo apt update &amp;&amp; sudo apt install tcpdump -y\n\n# RHEL\/CentOS\nsudo yum install tcpdump -y\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Temel Kullan\u0131m<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># HTTP trafi\u011fini dinleme\nsudo tcpdump -i eth0 port 80 -n\n\n# Belirli IP'ye giden trafi\u011fi izleme\nsudo tcpdump -i eth0 host 192.168.1.100\n\n# Paketleri dosyaya kaydetme\nsudo tcpdump -i eth0 -w capture.pcap\n\n# Sadece ilk 5 paketi g&ouml;rme\nsudo tcpdump -i eth0 -c 5 port 443\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<hr>\n<h2><code>traceroute\/tracepath<\/code>: Paketin Yolculu\u011funu Takip Et<\/h2>\n<h3>Ne \u0130\u015fe Yarar?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>IP adresine giden paketlerin ge&ccedil;ti\u011fi y&ouml;nlendiricileri ad\u0131m ad\u0131m g&ouml;sterir<\/li>\n<li>A\u011f gecikmelerini ve kay\u0131plar\u0131 tespit eder<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Neden &Ouml;nemli?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\"Gecikme nereden kaynaklan\u0131yor?\" sorusunu yan\u0131tlar<\/li>\n<li>Firewall veya routing problemlerini tespit eder<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>&nbsp;&Ccedil;\u0131kt\u0131 Yorumlama<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">tracepath google.com\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>Dikkat Edilecekler:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\"no reply\"<\/strong> mesajlar\u0131: ICMP engellenmi\u015f olabilir (normal davran\u0131\u015f)<\/li>\n<li><strong>asymm<\/strong> i\u015fareti: Gidi\u015f-d&ouml;n&uuml;\u015f yollar\u0131 farkl\u0131<\/li>\n<li><strong>pmtu de\u011fi\u015fimi<\/strong>: MTU boyutu de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Alternatif Ara&ccedil;lar<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># Daha detayl\u0131 analiz i&ccedil;in\nmtr google.com\n\n# MTU testi\nping -s 1472 -M do google.com\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<hr>\n<h2><code>curl -v<\/code>: HTTP Hatalar\u0131n\u0131 Detayl\u0131 G&ouml;r<\/h2>\n<h3>Ne \u0130\u015fe Yarar?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>HTTP\/HTTPS isteklerini detayl\u0131 &ccedil;al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r<\/li>\n<li>Header'lar, SSL handshake, y&ouml;nlendirmeleri g&ouml;sterir<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Neden &Ouml;nemli?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>HTTP durum kodlar\u0131n\u0131 an\u0131nda g&ouml;rme (404, 500, 503 vb.)<\/li>\n<li>SSL sertifika problemlerini tespit<\/li>\n<li>API debugging i&ccedil;in vazge&ccedil;ilmez<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>&nbsp;Kullan\u0131m &Ouml;rnekleri<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># Detayl\u0131 HTTP iste\u011fi\ncurl -v http:\/\/example.com\n\n# Sadece header'lar\u0131 g&ouml;rme\ncurl -I https:\/\/example.com\n\n# SSL sertifika detaylar\u0131\ncurl -vI --ssl https:\/\/example.com\n\n# Y&ouml;nlendirmeleri takip etme\ncurl -L -v http:\/\/example.com\n\n# Response time &ouml;l&ccedil;&uuml;m&uuml;\ncurl -w \"@curl-format.txt\" -o \/dev\/null -s http:\/\/example.com\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<hr>\n<h2>Pro \u0130pu&ccedil;lar\u0131<\/h2>\n<h3>1. <strong>Ger&ccedil;ek Zamanl\u0131 \u0130zleme<\/strong><\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">watch -n 1 'ss -tuln | grep LISTEN'\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>2. <strong>T&uuml;m Ara&ccedil;lar\u0131 Y&uuml;kleme<\/strong><\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># Debian\/Ubuntu\nsudo apt install net-tools dnsutils tcpdump traceroute curl mtr -y\n\n# RHEL\/CentOS\nsudo yum install net-tools bind-utils tcpdump traceroute curl mtr -y\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>3. <strong>H\u0131zl\u0131 A\u011f Kontrol&uuml; Script'i<\/strong><\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">#!\/bin\/bash\necho \"=== Port Kontrol&uuml; ===\"\nss -tuln | grep LISTEN\necho -e \"\\n=== DNS Testi ===\"\ndig +short google.com\necho -e \"\\n=== Ba\u011flant\u0131 Testi ===\"\nping -c 2 8.8.8.8\necho -e \"\\n=== HTTP Testi ===\"\ncurl -Is https:\/\/google.com | head -1\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>4. <strong>Windows Alternatifleri<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><code>ss<\/code> &rarr; <code>netstat -an<\/code><\/li>\n<li><code>dig<\/code> &rarr; <code>nslookup<\/code> veya <code>Resolve-DnsName<\/code><\/li>\n<li><code>traceroute<\/code> &rarr; <code>tracert<\/code><\/li>\n<li><code>curl<\/code> &rarr; <code>Invoke-WebRequest<\/code> (PowerShell)<\/li>\n<li><code>tcpdump<\/code> &rarr; Wireshark veya <code>netsh trace<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr>\n<h2>&nbsp;Hata Ay\u0131klama Ak\u0131\u015f \u015eemas\u0131<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Port dinleniyor mu?<\/strong> &rarr; <code>ss -tuln<\/code><\/li>\n<li><strong>DNS &ccedil;&ouml;z&uuml;mleniyor mu?<\/strong> &rarr; <code>dig +short<\/code><\/li>\n<li><strong>Paketler hedefe ula\u015f\u0131yor mu?<\/strong> &rarr; <code>traceroute<\/code><\/li>\n<li><strong>HTTP yan\u0131t al\u0131n\u0131yor mu?<\/strong> &rarr; <code>curl -v<\/code><\/li>\n<li><strong>Trafik ak\u0131yor mu?<\/strong> &rarr; <code>tcpdump<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr>\n<h2>&nbsp;Bonus: Sorun &Ccedil;&ouml;zme Zaman\u0131n\u0131 %90 Azaltan Kombo<\/h2>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># Tek sat\u0131rda h\u0131zl\u0131 network kontrol&uuml;\necho \"Ports:\" &amp;&amp; ss -tuln | grep -E \":(80|443|22|3306|5432)\" &amp;&amp; echo \"DNS:\" &amp;&amp; dig +short google.com &amp;&amp; echo \"Gateway:\" &amp;&amp; ip route | grep default &amp;&amp; echo \"External IP:\" &amp;&amp; curl -s ifconfig.me\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>Not:<\/strong> Bu komutlar Linux\/Unix sistemler i&ccedil;indir. Windows kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux) kullanarak ayn\u0131 komutlar\u0131 &ccedil;al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hangi komut sizin en s\u0131k kurtar\u0131c\u0131n\u0131z oluyor? Yorumlarda payla\u015f\u0131n!<\/strong> \ud83d\udc47<\/p>","excerpt":"Sistem y\u00f6neticileri bilir: Bir \u015fey \"\u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yor\" dedi\u011finizde, %80 ihtimalle sorun a\u011f kaynakl\u0131d\u0131r. Neyse ki, y\u0131llar\u0131n tecr\u00fcbesiyle...","created_at":"2025-06-02 09:45:56","updated_at":"2026-09-23 17:43:07","category_id":10,"view_count":734,"reading_time":5,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2025-06-02 09:45:00","featured_image":"\/uploads\/images\/2025\/12\/69479471e80c3_1766298737.png","slug":"ag-sorunlarini-cozmek-icin-5-temel-komut-ve-ayrtintili-anlatim","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix","category_color":"#2a1952"},{"id":65,"title":"Linux systemd-journald Yap\u0131land\u0131rma","content":"<p>Linux d&uuml;nyas\u0131nda sistem g&uuml;nl&uuml;klerini do\u011fru y&ouml;netmek, hem g&uuml;venlik hem de performans a&ccedil;\u0131s\u0131ndan b&uuml;y&uuml;k &ouml;nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<br>Ubuntu gibi modern da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlar, bu i\u015fi art\u0131k <strong>systemd-journald<\/strong> isimli g&uuml;&ccedil;l&uuml; bir servisle yap\u0131yor.<br>Bu yaz\u0131da, systemd-journald&rsquo;nin ne i\u015fe yarad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, nas\u0131l yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve g&uuml;nl&uuml;kleri daha verimli y&ouml;netmek i&ccedil;in neler yapabilece\u011finizi ad\u0131m ad\u0131m anlat\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\r\n<hr>\r\n<h2>Systemd-journald Nedir?<\/h2>\r\n<p>Systemd-journald, systemd altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir par&ccedil;as\u0131d\u0131r. G&ouml;revi, sistemdeki t&uuml;m servislerden gelen g&uuml;nl&uuml;k (log) mesajlar\u0131n\u0131 toplamak ve d&uuml;zenli \u015fekilde saklamakt\u0131r.<br>Geleneksel syslog servislerine alternatif olarak geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir ve bir&ccedil;ok avantaja sahiptir:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Daha verimli bir <strong>ikili (binary) format<\/strong> kullan\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g&uuml;nl&uuml;k mesajlar\u0131<\/strong> sayesinde arama ve analiz kolayla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Kal\u0131c\u0131 ya da ge&ccedil;ici depolama<\/strong> se&ccedil;enekleri sunar.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>G&uuml;nl&uuml;klerde <strong>meta veri<\/strong> (&ouml;rne\u011fin hangi kullan\u0131c\u0131 hangi i\u015flemi ba\u015flatt\u0131) bilgilerini de saklar.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>K\u0131sacas\u0131 systemd-journald, modern bir log y&ouml;netim sistemidir.<\/p>\r\n<hr>\r\n<h2>Temel Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Dosyas\u0131<\/h2>\r\n<p>Servisin yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131 <code>\/etc\/systemd\/journald.conf<\/code> konumundad\u0131r.<br>Bu dosyada g&uuml;nl&uuml;klerin nerede saklanaca\u011f\u0131, ne kadar yer kaplayabilece\u011fi ve ne kadar s&uuml;reyle tutulaca\u011f\u0131 gibi ayarlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilirsiniz.<\/p>\r\n<p>Dosyay\u0131 d&uuml;zenlemek i&ccedil;in:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>sudo nano \/etc\/systemd\/journald.conf\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<hr>\r\n<h2>&Ouml;nemli Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Parametreleri<\/h2>\r\n<h3>G&uuml;nl&uuml;klerin Nerede Saklanaca\u011f\u0131<\/h3>\r\n<p><code>Storage=<\/code> parametresiyle g&uuml;nl&uuml;klerin depolanaca\u011f\u0131 yeri belirleyebilirsiniz:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>auto<\/strong> &rarr; Varsay\u0131lan ayar (genellikle \/var\/log\/journal dizini)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>persistent<\/strong> &rarr; Kal\u0131c\u0131 depolama (sistem yeniden ba\u015flasa bile loglar korunur)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>volatile<\/strong> &rarr; Sadece RAM&rsquo;de saklar (yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda silinir)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>none<\/strong> &rarr; G&uuml;nl&uuml;k kayd\u0131n\u0131 tamamen devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131r<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Genellikle &ouml;nerilen ayar:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>Storage=persistent\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h3>G&uuml;nl&uuml;k Boyutu S\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131<\/h3>\r\n<p>Disk kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131nda tutmak i&ccedil;in:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>SystemMaxUse=1G\r\nRuntimeMaxUse=200M\r\nSystemMaxFileSize=100M\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h3>G&uuml;nl&uuml;klerin S\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/h3>\r\n<p>Disk alan\u0131 tasarrufu i&ccedil;in:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>Compress=yes\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h3>Saklama S&uuml;resi<\/h3>\r\n<p>G&uuml;nl&uuml;klerin ne kadar s&uuml;re tutulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayarlayabilirsiniz:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>MaxRetentionSec=30days\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<hr>\r\n<h2>Yayg\u0131n Kullan\u0131m Senaryolar\u0131<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Kal\u0131c\u0131 G&uuml;nl&uuml;kleri Etkinle\u015ftirme<\/h3>\r\n<p>Baz\u0131 Ubuntu sistemlerinde g&uuml;nl&uuml;kler varsay\u0131lan olarak yaln\u0131zca RAM&rsquo;de tutulur.<br>Kal\u0131c\u0131 hale getirmek i&ccedil;in \u015fu ad\u0131mlar\u0131 izleyin:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>sudo mkdir -p \/var\/log\/journal\r\nsudo systemd-tmpfiles --create --prefix \/var\/log\/journal\r\nsudo nano \/etc\/systemd\/journald.conf\r\nStorage=persistent\r\nsudo systemctl restart systemd-journald\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h3>G&uuml;nl&uuml;k Rotasyonu<\/h3>\r\n<p>Log dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 b&uuml;y&uuml;mesini &ouml;nlemek i&ccedil;in:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>SystemMaxUse=2G\r\nSystemMaxFileSize=100M\r\nMaxRetentionSec=1month\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<h3>Uzaktan G&uuml;nl&uuml;k Kayd\u0131<\/h3>\r\n<p>Journald loglar\u0131 ba\u015fka bir sisteme g&ouml;nderebilir:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>ForwardToSyslog=yes\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<p>Ard\u0131ndan rsyslog yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131na \u015fu mod&uuml;l&uuml; ekleyin:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>module(load=\"imjournal\")\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<hr>\r\n<h2>G&uuml;nl&uuml;kleri G&ouml;r&uuml;nt&uuml;leme<\/h2>\r\n<p>Systemd-journald loglar\u0131n\u0131 g&ouml;r&uuml;nt&uuml;lemek i&ccedil;in <code>journalctl<\/code> komutu kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<br>Birka&ccedil; &ouml;rnek:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>T&uuml;m g&uuml;nl&uuml;kleri listele:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>journalctl\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Belirli bir servisin loglar\u0131n\u0131 g&ouml;ster:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>journalctl -u nginx.service\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Bug&uuml;nk&uuml; loglar\u0131 g&ouml;ster:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>journalctl --since today\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Hata ve kritik mesajlar\u0131 g&ouml;ster:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>journalctl -p err..crit\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Ger&ccedil;ek zamanl\u0131 takip:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>journalctl -f\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<hr>\r\n<h2>G&uuml;nl&uuml;kleri Temizleme<\/h2>\r\n<p>Zamanla log dosyalar\u0131 &ccedil;ok yer kaplayabilir.<br>A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki komutlarla temizlik yapabilirsiniz:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Boyut s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na g&ouml;re temizleme:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>sudo journalctl --vacuum-size=500M\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Tarihe g&ouml;re temizleme (&ouml;rne\u011fin 2 haftadan eski):<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>sudo journalctl --vacuum-time=2weeks\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<hr>\r\n<h2>Sorun Giderme<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Loglar &Ccedil;ok Yer Kapl\u0131yorsa<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Mevcut kullan\u0131m miktar\u0131n\u0131 &ouml;\u011frenin:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>journalctl --disk-usage\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Gerekirse journald.conf i&ccedil;inde boyut limitlerini azalt\u0131n.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Temizlik komutlar\u0131n\u0131 &ccedil;al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Loglar G&ouml;r&uuml;nt&uuml;lenmiyorsa<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Servisin &ccedil;al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>systemctl status systemd-journald\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Kal\u0131c\u0131 depolama aktif mi kontrol edin.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n gerekli izinleri oldu\u011fundan emin olun:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>sudo usermod -aG systemd-journal $USER\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<hr>\r\n<h2>G&uuml;venlik &Ouml;nlemleri<\/h2>\r\n<p>Log dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n sadece yetkili kullan\u0131c\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan eri\u015filebilir olmas\u0131 &ouml;nemlidir.<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>sudo chown -R root:systemd-journal \/var\/log\/journal\r\nsudo chmod -R 2750 \/var\/log\/journal\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<p>Ek olarak <code>journald.conf<\/code> dosyas\u0131na \u015fu sat\u0131r\u0131 eklemek, g&uuml;nl&uuml;klerin b&uuml;t&uuml;nl&uuml;\u011f&uuml;n&uuml; korur:<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>Seal=yes\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<hr>\r\n<p>Systemd-journald, Ubuntu sistemlerinde log y&ouml;netimini daha g&uuml;&ccedil;l&uuml;, d&uuml;zenli ve g&uuml;venli hale getirir.<br>Do\u011fru yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hem sistem performans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r hem de olas\u0131 hatalar\u0131 &ccedil;ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 tespit etmenizi sa\u011flar.<\/p>\r\n<p>Unutmay\u0131n: ayarlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdikten sonra servisi yeniden ba\u015flatmay\u0131 ihmal etmeyin.<\/p>\r\n<pre><code>sudo systemctl restart systemd-journald\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\r\n<p>Bu rehberin, Ubuntu &uuml;zerinde log y&ouml;netimini optimize etmenize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 diliyoruz.<br>Daha temiz, daha g&uuml;venli ve daha izlenebilir bir sistem i&ccedil;in systemd-journald, elinizdeki en g&uuml;&ccedil;l&uuml; ara&ccedil;lardan biridir. \ud83c\udf3f<\/p>\r\n<hr>\r\n<p>\u0130stersen yaz\u0131ya giri\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131na <strong>hikayele\u015ftirilmi\u015f<\/strong> (&ouml;rne\u011fin &ldquo;bir sistem y&ouml;neticisinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 log sorunu&rdquo; tarz\u0131nda) bir ba\u015flang\u0131&ccedil; ekleyebilirim.<br>\u0130ster misin &ouml;yle bir versiyon haz\u0131rlayay\u0131m?<\/p>","excerpt":"Systemd-journald, modern Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mlar\u0131nda (Ubuntu dahil) sistem g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini toplamak ve y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir...","created_at":"2025-05-18 20:06:47","updated_at":"2026-09-23 19:38:39","category_id":10,"view_count":725,"reading_time":5,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2025-05-18 20:06:00","featured_image":"api_unsplash_1762014342_69063486255f1.jpg","slug":"linux-systemd-journald-yapilandirma","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix","category_color":"#2a1952"},{"id":67,"title":"Linux IP Komutlar\u0131: A\u011f Y\u00f6netiminde Temel Ara\u00e7lar","content":"<ul> <li>Linux i\u015fletim sisteminde a\u011f yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 ve y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in \"ip\" komutu olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, sistem y\u00f6neticileri ve merakl\u0131lar i\u00e7in en s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan ip komutlar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6rneklerini inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/li> <\/ul> &nbsp; ## IP Adresi Y\u00f6netimi (ip addr) &nbsp; A\u011f aray\u00fczlerinize ba\u011fl\u0131 IP adreslerini g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemek, eklemek veya kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \"ip addr\" komutlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz: &nbsp; - T\u00fcm IP adreslerini g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme: `ip addr show` - Belirli bir aray\u00fcz i\u00e7in IP adreslerini g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme: `ip addr show dev eth0` - IP adresi ekleme: `ip addr add 1.1.1.1\/24 dev eth0` - IP adresi silme: `ip addr del 1.1.1.1\/24 dev eth0` - T\u00fcm IP adreslerini temizleme: `ip addr flush dev eth0` &nbsp; ## A\u011f Aray\u00fcz\u00fc Y\u00f6netimi (ip link) &nbsp; A\u011f aray\u00fczlerinizi yap\u0131land\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \"ip link\" komutlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz: &nbsp; - T\u00fcm a\u011f aray\u00fczlerini g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme: `ip link show` - Belirli bir aray\u00fcz\u00fcn detaylar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme: `ip link show eth0` - Aray\u00fcz\u00fc devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakma: `ip link set eth0 updown` - MTU de\u011ferini de\u011fi\u015ftirme: `ip link set eth0 mtu 9000` - Promiscuous modu etkinle\u015ftirme: `ip link set eth0 promisc on` - MAC adresini de\u011fi\u015ftirme: `ip link set eth0 addr 11:22:33:44:55:66` &nbsp; ## Rota Y\u00f6netimi (ip route) &nbsp; A\u011f rotalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemek ve yap\u0131land\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \"ip route\" komutlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz: &nbsp; - T\u00fcm rotalar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme: `ip route show` - Varsay\u0131lan rotay\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme: `ip route show default` - Belirli bir rota i\u00e7in e\u015fle\u015fme kontrol\u00fc: `ip route get 1.1.1.1` - Rota ekleme: `ip route add 1.1.1.0\/24 dev eth0` - Varsay\u0131lan a\u011f ge\u00e7idi ekleme: `ip route add default via 192.168.0.1 dev eth0` - Rota silme: `ip route del 1.1.1.0\/24 via 192.168.0.1 dev eth0` &nbsp; ## ARP Tablosu Y\u00f6netimi (ip neigh) &nbsp; ARP tablosunu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemek ve y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in \"ip neigh\" komutlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz: &nbsp; - ARP tablosunu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme: `ip neigh show` - Belirli bir aray\u00fcz i\u00e7in ARP girdilerini g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme: `ip neigh show dev eth0` - ARP girdisi silme: `ip neigh del 192.168.0.2 eth0` - Statik ARP girdisi ekleme: `ip neigh add 192.168.0.2 lladdr &lt;mac-addr&gt; dev eth0 nud permanent` - Mevcut ARP girdisini g\u00fcncelleme: `ip neigh change 192.168.0.2 lladdr &lt;mac-addr&gt; dev eth0` &nbsp; ## T\u00fcnel Y\u00f6netimi (ip tunnel) &nbsp; A\u011f t\u00fcnellerini yap\u0131land\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \"ip tunnel\" komutlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz: &nbsp; - T\u00fcnel aray\u00fczlerini g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme: `ip tunnel show` - GRE t\u00fcneli olu\u015fturma: `ip tunnel add gre1 mode gre remote 10.0.0.2 local 10.0.0.1 ttl 255` &nbsp; Linux a\u011f y\u00f6netimi konusunda \"ip\" komutu, eski \"ifconfig\", \"route\" ve \"arp\" komutlar\u0131n\u0131n yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve \u00e7ok daha fazla \u00f6zellik sunar. IP komutlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek, Linux sistemlerinizde a\u011f yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 daha etkin bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netmenize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. &nbsp; Ayr\u0131ca IPv6 adreslerine y\u00f6nelik komutlar\u0131 uygulamak i\u00e7in \"-6\" parametresini kullanabilece\u011finizi unutmay\u0131n.","excerpt":"Linux i\u015fletim sisteminde a\u011f yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 ve y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in \"ip\" komutu olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, sistem y\u00f6neticileri...","created_at":"2025-05-05 23:00:00","updated_at":"2026-09-23 13:43:33","category_id":10,"view_count":715,"reading_time":3,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2025-05-05 23:00:00","featured_image":"resimyok.jpg","slug":"linux-ip-komutlari-ag-yonetiminde-temel-araclar","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix","category_color":"#2a1952"},{"id":76,"title":"G\u00fcnl\u00fck Kayd\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in G\u00fcvenli ve Etkin Y\u00f6ntem: logger Komutu","content":"Linux sistemlerde g\u00fcnl\u00fck dosyalar\u0131na mesaj yazmak, sistem izleme, hata ay\u0131klama ve g\u00fcvenlik denetimi i\u00e7in kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir. Ancak, bu i\u015flem genellikle s\u00fcper kullan\u0131c\u0131 (<code >root<\/code>) ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 gerektirir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc <code >\/var\/log<\/code> dizini alt\u0131ndaki dosyalar genellikle k\u00f6k kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na aittir. Bu yaz\u0131da, <strong><code >logger<\/code> komutunun <\/strong>, s\u00fcper kullan\u0131c\u0131 izni olmadan g\u00fcnl\u00fck dosyas\u0131na g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde mesaj yazman\u0131n en iyi yoludur, logger Komutu Nedir? logger, sistem g\u00fcnl\u00fck mekanizmas\u0131 (syslog) \u00fczerinden mesajlar\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011fe kaydetmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan komut sat\u0131r\u0131 arac\u0131d\u0131r. Temel i\u015flevi, kullan\u0131c\u0131 tan\u0131ml\u0131 mesajlar\u0131 sistem g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne g\u00f6ndermektir. <pre  data-enlighter-language=\"generic\">logger \"Bu bir test mesaj\u0131d\u0131r.\"<\/pre> <p data-spm-anchor->Bu komut, mesaj\u0131 sistem g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi kaydeder:<\/p> <div> <div  dir=\"ltr\"> <pre  data-enlighter-language=\"generic\">OCT 15 10:30:00 hostname user.notice: Bu bir test mesaj\u0131d\u0131r.<\/pre> <strong> Neden logger Tercih Edilmelidir?<\/strong> <strong>Sistem G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 Kullan\u0131r<\/strong> logger, do\u011frudan g\u00fcnl\u00fck dosyas\u0131na yazmak yerine syslog hizmetini (\u00f6rne\u011fin, rsyslog veya syslog-ng) kullan\u0131r. Bu, mesajlar\u0131n sistem y\u00f6neticisinin tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurallara g\u00f6re y\u00f6nlendirilmesini sa\u011flar (\u00f6rne\u011fin, \/etc\/rsyslog.conf). <strong>S\u00fcper Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131 Gerekmez<\/strong> logger, sistem g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne mesaj g\u00f6ndermek i\u00e7in UNIX soketi (\/dev\/log) \u00fczerinden ileti\u015fim kurar. Bu soket, varsay\u0131lan olarak t\u00fcm kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in yaz\u0131labilirdir. Bu nedenle, sudo olmadan mesaj yaz\u0131labilir. <\/div> <h4><strong data-spm-anchor->Otomatik Zaman Damgas\u0131 ve Seviye Etiketi<\/strong><\/h4> logger, mesajlara otomatik olarak zaman damgas\u0131 ve seviye etiketi (\u00f6rne\u011fin, user.notice) ekler. Bu, manuel zaman damgas\u0131 ekleme ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r ve g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerin tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. <\/div> <strong>G\u00fcnl\u00fck Rotasyonu ve Y\u00f6netimi<\/strong> logger ile yaz\u0131lan mesajlar, sistem g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc altyap\u0131s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilir. Bu, g\u00fcnl\u00fck dosyalar\u0131n\u0131n logrotate gibi ara\u00e7larla otomatik olarak s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, ar\u015fivlenmesi ve silinmesini sa\u011flar. <strong> G\u00fcvenli ve Kontroll\u00fc Eri\u015fim<\/strong> logger, g\u00fcnl\u00fck dosyas\u0131na do\u011frudan eri\u015fim gerektirmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in dosya izinleriyle ilgili sorunlar\u0131 \u00f6nler . Sistem y\u00f6neticisi, syslog yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131yla hangi kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n hangi mesajlar\u0131 g\u00f6nderebilece\u011fini kontrol edebilir. <h3><strong data-spm-anchor->Alternatif Y\u00f6ntemler ve S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3> <div > <div > <table > <thead > <tr > <th  scope=\"col\"> <div ><strong>Komut<\/strong><\/div><\/th> <th  scope=\"col\"> <div ><strong>Kullan\u0131m \u00d6rne\u011fi<\/strong><\/div><\/th> <th  scope=\"col\"> <div ><strong>Sorunlar<\/strong><\/div><\/th> <\/tr> <\/thead> <tbody> <tr > <td > <div ><strong><code >echo<\/code><\/strong><\/div><\/td> <td > <div ><code >echo \"$(date) Test mesaj\u0131\" &gt;&gt; \/var\/log\/custom.log<\/code><\/div><\/td> <td > <div ><code >\/var\/log\/custom.log<\/code>dosyas\u0131na yazma izni gereklidir (genellikle<code >root<\/code>).<\/div><\/td> <\/tr> <tr > <td > <div ><strong><code >cat<\/code><\/strong><\/div><\/td> <td > <div ><code >cat message.txt &gt; \/var\/log\/custom.log<\/code><\/div><\/td> <td > <div >Dosya izinleri ve<code >sudo<\/code>gereksinimi.<\/div><\/td> <\/tr> <tr > <td > <div ><strong><code >touch<\/code><\/strong><\/div><\/td> <td > <div ><code >touch \/var\/log\/custom.log<\/code><\/div><\/td> <td > <div  data-spm-anchor->Yaln\u0131zca dosya olu\u015fturur, i\u00e7erik yazmaz.<\/div><\/td> <\/tr> <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div> Bu komutlar, do\u011frudan dosya sistemine yazma i\u015flemi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenlik riskleri ta\u015f\u0131r ve y\u00f6netim zorlu\u011fu yarat\u0131r. <strong>logger Komutunun Geli\u015fmi\u015f Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/strong> \u00d6zel Kolayl\u0131k (Facility) ve Seviye (Priority) Tan\u0131mlama <pre  data-enlighter-language=\"generic\">logger -p local7.info \"\u00d6zel kolayl\u0131k mesaj\u0131\"<\/pre> -p se\u00e7ene\u011fi, kolayl\u0131k (\u00f6rne\u011fin, local0\u2013local7) ve seviye (\u00f6rne\u011fin, info, debug) tan\u0131mlar. Bu, mesajlar\u0131n \u00f6zel g\u00fcnl\u00fck dosyalar\u0131na y\u00f6nlendirilmesini sa\u011flar. <strong>PID (Process ID) Ekleme<\/strong> <pre  data-enlighter-language=\"generic\">logger -i \"Bu mesaj PID ile kaydedilecek.\"<\/pre> -i se\u00e7ene\u011fi, mesaj\u0131n sonuna i\u015flem kimli\u011fini ekler. <strong>Syslog A\u011f Sunucusuna G\u00f6nderme<\/strong> rsyslog veya syslog-ng yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131yla, mesajlar uzak bir g\u00fcnl\u00fck sunucusuna y\u00f6nlendirilebilir. Bu, merkezi g\u00fcnl\u00fck y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in idealdir. <h3><strong>Troubleshooting \/ Sorun giderme:<\/strong><\/h3> <div > <div ><\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <table > <thead > <tr > <th  scope=\"col\"> <div ><strong>Soru<\/strong><\/div><\/th> <th  scope=\"col\"> <div ><strong>\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm<\/strong><\/div><\/th> <\/tr> <\/thead> <tbody> <tr > <td > <div ><strong><code >logger<\/code>\u00a0Mesajlar\u0131 Nerede G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor?<\/strong><\/div><\/td> <td > <div ><code >\/var\/log\/syslog<\/code>veya<code >\/var\/log\/messages<\/code>dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyin.<\/div><\/td> <\/tr> <tr > <td > <div ><strong>Mesajlar Beklenildi\u011fi Gibi Y\u00f6nlendirilmiyor Mu?<\/strong><\/div><\/td> <td > <div ><code >\/etc\/rsyslog.conf<\/code>veya<code >\/etc\/syslog-ng\/syslog-ng.conf<\/code>yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irin.<\/div><\/td> <\/tr> <tr > <td > <div ><strong><code >logger: socket failed: Operation not permitted<\/code>\u00a0Hatas\u0131 Al\u0131n\u0131yor Mu?<\/strong><\/div><\/td> <td > <div ><code >rsyslog<\/code>veya<code >syslog<\/code>hizmetinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin (<code >systemctl status rsyslog<\/code>)<\/div><\/td> <\/tr> <\/tbody> <\/table> &nbsp; logger komutu, s\u00fcper kullan\u0131c\u0131 ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 olmadan g\u00fcnl\u00fck dosyas\u0131na mesaj yazman\u0131n en g\u00fcvenli ve etkili yoludur. Sistem g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc mekanizmas\u0131 \u00fczerinden \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in dosya izinleriyle ilgili sorunlardan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131r ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00f6zellikler sunar. Alternatif komutlar hem g\u00fcvenlik riskleri ta\u015f\u0131r hem de sistem g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc altyap\u0131s\u0131yla uyumlu de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle, g\u00fcnl\u00fck kayd\u0131 gerektiren i\u015flemlerde logger komutu tercih edilmelidir. G\u00fcnl\u00fck mesajlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 test etmek i\u00e7in tail -f \/var\/log\/syslog komutunu kullanarak ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 olarak izleyebilirsiniz.","excerpt":"Linux sistemlerde g\u00fcnl\u00fck dosyalar\u0131na mesaj yazmak, sistem izleme, hata ay\u0131klama ve g\u00fcvenlik denetimi i\u00e7in kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir. Ancak, bu...","created_at":"2025-05-01 14:23:02","updated_at":"2026-09-23 16:37:46","category_id":10,"view_count":780,"reading_time":4,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2025-05-01 14:23:02","featured_image":"resimyok.jpg","slug":"gunluk-kaydi-icin-guvenli-ve-etkin-yontem-logger-komutu","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix","category_color":"#2a1952"},{"id":150,"title":"Haz\u0131r web tabanl\u0131 izleme sistemleri","content":"Merhaba, Alpine Linux \u00fczerinde kolayca kullanabilece\u011finiz haz\u0131r web tabanl\u0131 izleme sistemleri \u00f6neriyorum. Kurulumu basit, Docker veya tek komutla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ara\u00e7lar se\u00e7tim: &nbsp; 1. Netdata (Ger\u00e7ek Zamanl\u0131 Performans Panosu) \u00d6zellikler: - Anl\u0131k CPU, RAM, Disk, A\u011f izleme. - Web aray\u00fcz\u00fc otomatik kurulur. - Alpine i\u00e7in resmi deste\u011fi var. Kurulum: <pre  data-enlighter-language=\"generic\">Docker ile (tercih edilen): apk add docker service docker start docker run -d --name=netdata -p 19999:19999 --cap-add SYS_PTRACE -v \/proc:\/host\/proc:ro -v \/sys:\/host\/sys:ro netdata\/netdata<\/pre> &nbsp; Veya APK ile: apk add netdata rc-service netdata start Eri\u015fim: `http:\/\/SUNUCU_IP:19999` &nbsp; 2. Uptime Kuma (Basit Uptime \u0130zleyici) \u00d6zellikler: - HTTP\/HTTPS, Ping, Port kontrol\u00fc. - Discord\/SMS bildirimleri. - Hafif ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 dostu. Kurulum (Docker): <pre  data-enlighter-language=\"generic\">docker run -d --name uptime-kuma -p 3001:3001 -v uptime-kuma:\/app\/data louislam\/uptime-kuma<\/pre> &nbsp; Eri\u015fim: `http:\/\/SUNUCU_IP:3001` &nbsp; 3. Checkmk (RAW Edition \u2013 \u00dccretsiz) \u00d6zellikler: - Linux sunucular i\u00e7in otomatik ke\u015fif. - 1,700+ haz\u0131r metrik. - Alarm ve raporlama. Kurulum: <pre  data-enlighter-language=\"generic\">wget https:\/\/download.checkmk.com\/checkmk\/2.2.0\/check-mk-raw-2.2.0.alpine.x86_64.apk apk add --allow-untrusted check-mk-raw-.apk cmk-update-config service check_mk start<\/pre> &nbsp; Eri\u015fim: `http:\/\/SUNUCU_IP:5000` &nbsp; 4. Glances + Web Server (Terminal &amp; Web) \u00d6zellikler: - Terminal ve web aray\u00fcz\u00fc. - Eklenti deste\u011fi (Docker, RAID vb.). Kurulum: <pre  data-enlighter-language=\"generic\">apk add glances glances -w \u00a0 Web modunda ba\u015flat (http:\/\/SUNUCU_IP:61208)<\/pre> &nbsp; &nbsp; 5. Grafana + Prometheus (Haz\u0131r Dashboardlar) Haz\u0131r Kurulum (Docker Compose): ```yaml <pre  data-enlighter-language=\"generic\"> docker-compose.yml version: '3' services: \u00a0prometheus: \u00a0 \u00a0image: prom\/prometheus \u00a0 \u00a0ports: \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0- \"9090:9090\" \u00a0grafana: \u00a0 \u00a0image: grafana\/grafana \u00a0 \u00a0ports: \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0- \"3000:3000\" \u00a0node_exporter: \u00a0 \u00a0image: prom\/node-exporter \u00a0 \u00a0ports: \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0- \"9100:9100\"<\/pre> &nbsp; ```bash <pre  data-enlighter-language=\"generic\">docker-compose up -d<\/pre> &nbsp; Haz\u0131r Dashboardlar: - Grafana &gt; Dashboards &gt; Import &gt; ID: `1860` (Node Exporter Full). &nbsp; 6. Zabbix (Kurumsal Seviye) Kurulum (Docker): ```bash <pre  data-enlighter-language=\"generic\">docker run -d --name zabbix-appliance -p 80:80 -p 10051:10051 zabbix\/zabbix-appliance<\/pre> &nbsp; Eri\u015fim: `http:\/\/SUNUCU_IP` (Kullan\u0131c\u0131: Admin, \u015eifre: zabbix). &nbsp; 7. SigNoz (Application Performance Monitoring) \u00d6zellikler: - Uygulama performans\u0131, log ve izleme. - Kubernetes dostu. Kurulum: ```bash <pre  data-enlighter-language=\"generic\">git clone -b main https:\/\/github.com\/SigNoz\/signoz.git cd signoz\/deploy\/ docker-compose -f docker\/clickhouse-setup\/docker-compose.yaml up -d<\/pre> &nbsp; Eri\u015fim: `http:\/\/SUNUCU_IP:3301` &nbsp; \u00d6nerilen En Basit \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm 1. Netdata (sadece `docker run` komutuyla). 2. Uptime Kuma (5 dakikada kurulur). &nbsp; Haz\u0131r Sistem Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 | Ara\u00e7 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0| Kurulum S\u00fcresi | \u00d6ne \u00c7\u0131kan \u00d6zellik \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0| Alpine Uyumu | ||-|-|--| | Netdata \u00a0 | 2 dakika \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 | Ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131, hafif \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0| \u2705 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 | | Uptime Kuma| 1 dakika \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0| Uptime + Bildirim \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 | \u2705 (Docker) \u00a0| | Glances \u00a0 | 1 dakika \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 | Terminal + Web \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0| \u2705 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 | | Grafana \u00a0 | 5-10 dakika \u00a0 \u00a0| \u00d6zelle\u015ftirilebilir \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0| \u2705 (Docker) \u00a0| &nbsp; Firewall Ayarlar\u0131 Web panellerine eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in portlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131n: ```bash <pre  data-enlighter-language=\"generic\">apk add ufw ufw allow 19999\/tcp \u00a0 Netdata ufw allow 3001\/tcp \u00a0 Uptime Kuma ufw enable<\/pre> &nbsp; ```","excerpt":"Alpine Linux \u00fczerinde kolayca kullanabilece\u011finiz **haz\u0131r web tabanl\u0131 izleme sistemleri** \u00f6neriyorum. Kurulumu basit, Docker veya tek komutla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ara\u00e7lar se\u00e7tim:","created_at":"2025-02-23 22:34:25","updated_at":"2026-09-23 19:42:09","category_id":10,"view_count":836,"reading_time":3,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2025-02-23 22:34:25","featured_image":"resimyok.jpg","slug":"hazir-web-tabanli-izleme-sistemleri","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix","category_color":"#2a1952"},{"id":151,"title":"Alpine Linux ile Web Server Kurulumu","content":"<h1>Alpine Web Sunucusu Kurulumu<\/h1> Alpine Linux, hafifli\u011fi ve h\u0131z\u0131yla bilinen bir da\u011f\u0131t\u0131md\u0131r. Bu rehberde, Alpine Linux \u00fczerinde tam i\u015flevsel bir web sunucusu (Nginx, PHP, MariaDB ve PhpMyAdmin) kurulumunu ad\u0131m ad\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirece\u011fiz. <hr \/> <h2>Sistem \u00d6zeti<\/h2> <h3>Kernel Bilgisi:<\/h3> <div > <div > <div > <div >bash<\/div> <div > <div ><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">Linux localhost <\/span><span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">6.12<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">.16-0-lts <\/span><span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">#1-Alpine SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC 2025-02-21 15:23:09 x86_64 Linux<\/span><\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <h3>\u0130\u015fletim Sistemi:<\/h3> <div > <div > <div > <div >bash<\/div> <div > <div ><span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">PRETTY_NAME<\/span><span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">=<\/span><span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">\"Alpine Linux v3.21\"<\/span><\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <h3>CPU Bilgileri:<\/h3> <ul> <li><strong>CPU(s):<\/strong>\u00a04<\/li> <li><strong>Model name:<\/strong>\u00a0Intel(R) Atom(TM) CPU C2558 @ 2.41GHz<\/li> <li><strong>Thread(s) per core:<\/strong>\u00a01<\/li> <li><strong>Core(s) per socket:<\/strong>\u00a04<\/li> <\/ul> <h3>Bellek Bilgileri:<\/h3> <div > <div > <div > <div >bash<\/div> <div > <div ><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">Mem: <\/span><span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">1<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">.9G total, <\/span><span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">361<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">.7M used, <\/span><span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">1<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">.0G free, <\/span><span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">288<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">.0K shared, <\/span><span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">572<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">.4M buff\/cache, <\/span><span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">1<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">.4G available<\/span><\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <h3>Disk Bilgileri:<\/h3> <div > <div > <div > <div >bash<\/div> <div > <div ><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">NAME FSTYPE FSVER LABEL UUID FSAVAIL FSUSE% MOUNTPOINTS<\/span><\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <pre>sda \u251c\u2500sda1 ext4 88d5ddf0-05d3-45a3-87b7-30a6e9aced89 220M <span >12<\/span>% \/boot \u251c\u2500sda2 swap 082aabaa-9788-451a-9aa3-b0bf12049aa3 <span ><\/span> \u2514\u2500sda3 ext4 24ea414a-1599-4f88-a27b-9af6a599b0b2 <span >202<\/span>.2G <span >1<\/span>% \/<\/pre> <\/div> <hr \/> <h2>\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/h2> <ol start=\"1\"> <li><strong>Temel Sistem Kurulumu<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>Web Sunucusu (Nginx) Kurulumu<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>PHP Kurulumu<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>MariaDB (MySQL) Kurulumu<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>PhpMyAdmin Kurulumu<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>Virtual Host Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<\/strong><\/li> <\/ol> <hr \/> <h2>1. Temel Sistem Kurulumu<\/h2> <h3>Ho\u015f Geldin Mesaj\u0131 \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme<\/h3> Ho\u015f geldin mesaj\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in\u00a0<code>\/etc\/motd<\/code>\u00a0dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyin: <div > <div > <div > <div >bash<\/div> <div > <div ><span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">cat<\/span> <span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\"> \/etc\/motd <\/span><span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">'EOF'<\/span><\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <pre><span > user = nginx group = nginx listen = 127.0.0.1:9000 listen.owner = nginx listen.group = nginx pm = dynamic pm.max_children = 5 pm.start_servers = 2 pm.min_spare_servers = 1 pm.max_spare_servers = 3 EOF<\/span><\/pre> <\/div> <hr \/> <h2>6. Virtual Host Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h2> <h3>Virtual Host Dosyas\u0131 Olu\u015fturma<\/h3> <div > <div > <div > <div >bash<\/div> <div > <div ><span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">cat<\/span> <span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\"> \/etc\/nginx\/http.d\/onder.local.conf <\/span><span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">'EOF'<\/span><\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <pre><span >server { listen 80; server_name onder.local; root \/var\/www\/onder.local; index index.php index.html index.htm; location \/ { try_files $uri $uri\/ =404; } location ~ \\.php$ { fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; include fastcgi_params; } } EOF<\/span><\/pre> <\/div> <h3>Host Dizini Olu\u015fturma<\/h3> <div > <div > <div > <div >bash<\/div> <div > <div ><span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">mkdir<\/span> <span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">-p<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\"> \/var\/www\/onder.local<\/span><\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <pre><span >chown<\/span> <span >-R<\/span> nginx:nginx \/var\/www\/onder.local <span >chmod<\/span> <span >755<\/span> \/var\/www\/onder.local<\/pre> <\/div> <h3>Test Sayfas\u0131<\/h3> <div > <div > <div > <div >bash<\/div> <div > <div ><span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">cat<\/span> <span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\"> \/var\/www\/onder.local\/index.html <\/span><span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">&lt;&lt;<\/span> <span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">'EOF'<\/span><\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <pre><span >&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt; &lt;html&gt; &lt;head&gt; &lt;title&gt;Onder.local&lt;\/title&gt; &lt;\/head&gt; &lt;body&gt; &lt;h1&gt;Onder.local Virtual Host \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor!&lt;\/h1&gt; &lt;\/body&gt; &lt;\/html&gt; EOF<\/span><\/pre> <\/div> <h3>Hosts Dosyas\u0131 Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h3> <div > <div > <div > <div >bash<\/div> <div > <div ><span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">echo<\/span> <span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">\"127.0.0.1 onder.local\"<\/span> <span  style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">&gt;&gt;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\"> \/etc\/hosts<\/span><\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <hr \/> <h2>G\u00fcvenlik Notlar\u0131<\/h2> <ol start=\"1\"> <li><strong>G\u00fcncel Paketler:<\/strong>\u00a0Her zaman g\u00fcncel paketler kullan\u0131n.<\/li> <li><strong>G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u015eifreler:<\/strong>\u00a0G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u015fifreler belirleyin.<\/li> <li><strong>Gereksiz Servisler:<\/strong>\u00a0Gereksiz servisleri devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131n.<\/li> <li><strong>Yedekleme:<\/strong>\u00a0D\u00fczenli yedek al\u0131n.<\/li> <li><strong>SSL\/TLS:<\/strong>\u00a0SSL sertifikas\u0131 kullan\u0131n.<\/li> <\/ol> <hr \/> <h2>Sonu\u00e7<\/h2> Bu rehberi takip ederek, Alpine Linux \u00fczerinde tam i\u015flevsel bir web sunucusu kurmu\u015f oldunuz. Sunucu \u015fu \u00f6zelliklere sahip: <ul> <li><strong>Nginx web sunucusu<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>PHP 8.2 deste\u011fi<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>MariaDB veritaban\u0131<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>PhpMyAdmin y\u00f6netim aray\u00fcz\u00fc<\/strong><\/li> <li><strong>Virtual host deste\u011fi<\/strong><\/li> <\/ul> <hr \/> <h2>Faydal\u0131 Komutlar<\/h2> <div > <div > <div > <div >bash<\/div> <div > <div ><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\"># Servisleri yeniden ba\u015flatma<\/span><\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <pre><span >service<\/span> nginx restart <span >service<\/span> php-fpm82 restart <span >service<\/span> mariadb restart <span ># Log dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etme<\/span> <span >tail<\/span> <span >-f<\/span> \/var\/log\/nginx\/error.log <span >tail<\/span> <span >-f<\/span> \/var\/log\/nginx\/access.log <span ># Nginx yap\u0131land\u0131rma testi<\/span> nginx <span >-t<\/span><\/pre> <\/div> <hr \/> <h2>Sistem Bilgileri Toplama Scripti<\/h2> <div > <div > <div > <div >bash<\/div> <div > <div ><span style=\"font-family: Consolas, Monaco, monospace;\">#!\/bin\/bash<\/span><\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <pre><span ># Sistem Bilgileri Toplama Scripti<\/span> <span ># Yazar: \u00d6nder<\/span> <span ># Renk Tan\u0131mlar\u0131<\/span> <span >RED<\/span><span >=<\/span><span >'\\033[0;31m'<\/span> <span >GREEN<\/span><span >=<\/span><span >'\\033[0;32m'<\/span> <span >BLUE<\/span><span >=<\/span><span >'\\033[0;34m'<\/span> <span >YELLOW<\/span><span >=<\/span><span >'\\033[1;33m'<\/span> <span >NC<\/span><span >=<\/span><span >'\\033[0m'<\/span> <span ># Banner Fonksiyonu<\/span> <span >print_banner<\/span><span >(<\/span><span >)<\/span> <span >{<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >-e<\/span> <span >\"<span >${BLUE}<\/span>\"<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >\"\u2554\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2557\"<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >\"\u2551 Sistem Donan\u0131m Bilgi Scripti \u2551\"<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >\"\u255a\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u255d\"<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >-e<\/span> <span >\"<span >${NC}<\/span>\"<\/span> <span >}<\/span> <span ># Gerekli paketleri kontrol et ve kur<\/span> <span >check_packages<\/span><span >(<\/span><span >)<\/span> <span >{<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >-e<\/span> <span >\"<span >${YELLOW}<\/span>Gerekli paketler kontrol ediliyor...<span >${NC}<\/span>\"<\/span> <span >PACKAGES<\/span><span >=<\/span><span >\"pciutils usbutils lshw lm-sensors dmidecode util-linux\"<\/span> <span >for<\/span> <span >pkg<\/span> <span >in<\/span> <span >$PACKAGES<\/span><span >;<\/span> <span >do<\/span> <span >if<\/span> <span >!<\/span> <span >which<\/span> <span >$pkg<\/span> <span >&gt;<\/span>\/dev\/null <span ><span >2<\/span>&gt;<\/span><span >&amp;1<\/span><span >;<\/span> <span >then<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >-e<\/span> <span >\"<span >${RED}<\/span><span >$pkg<\/span> kuruluyor...<span >${NC}<\/span>\"<\/span> apk <span >add<\/span> <span >$pkg<\/span> <span >fi<\/span> <span >done<\/span> <span >}<\/span> <span ># CPU Bilgisi<\/span> <span >get_cpu_info<\/span><span >(<\/span><span >)<\/span> <span >{<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >-e<\/span> <span >\"<span  title=\"\\n\">\\n<\/span><span >${GREEN}<\/span>=== CPU Bilgileri ===<span >${NC}<\/span>\"<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >-e<\/span> <span >\"<span >${YELLOW}<\/span>Processor Detaylar\u0131:<span >${NC}<\/span>\"<\/span> lscpu <span >|<\/span> <span >grep<\/span> <span >-E<\/span> <span >\"Model name|CPU\\(s\\)|Thread|Core|Socket|MHz\"<\/span> <span >}<\/span> <span ># Bellek Bilgisi<\/span> <span >get_memory_info<\/span><span >(<\/span><span >)<\/span> <span >{<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >-e<\/span> <span >\"<span  title=\"\\n\">\\n<\/span><span >${GREEN}<\/span>=== Bellek Bilgileri ===<span >${NC}<\/span>\"<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >-e<\/span> <span >\"<span >${YELLOW}<\/span>RAM Kullan\u0131m\u0131:<span >${NC}<\/span>\"<\/span> <span >free<\/span> <span >-h<\/span> <span >}<\/span> <span ># Disk Bilgisi<\/span> <span >get_disk_info<\/span><span >(<\/span><span >)<\/span> <span >{<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >-e<\/span> <span >\"<span  title=\"\\n\">\\n<\/span><span >${GREEN}<\/span>=== Disk Bilgileri ===<span >${NC}<\/span>\"<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >-e<\/span> <span >\"<span >${YELLOW}<\/span>Disk B\u00f6l\u00fcmleri:<span >${NC}<\/span>\"<\/span> lsblk <span >-f<\/span> <span >}<\/span> <span ># USB Ayg\u0131tlar\u0131<\/span> <span >get_usb_info<\/span><span >(<\/span><span >)<\/span> <span >{<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >-e<\/span> <span >\"<span  title=\"\\n\">\\n<\/span><span >${GREEN}<\/span>=== USB Ayg\u0131tlar\u0131 ===<span >${NC}<\/span>\"<\/span> lsusb <span >}<\/span> <span ># PCI Ayg\u0131tlar\u0131<\/span> <span >get_pci_info<\/span><span >(<\/span><span >)<\/span> <span >{<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >-e<\/span> <span >\"<span  title=\"\\n\">\\n<\/span><span >${GREEN}<\/span>=== PCI Ayg\u0131tlar\u0131 ===<span >${NC}<\/span>\"<\/span> lspci <span >}<\/span> <span ># A\u011f Bilgileri<\/span> <span >get_network_info<\/span><span >(<\/span><span >)<\/span> <span >{<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >-e<\/span> <span >\"<span  title=\"\\n\">\\n<\/span><span >${GREEN}<\/span>=== A\u011f Aray\u00fczleri ===<span >${NC}<\/span>\"<\/span> <span >ip<\/span> addr <span >}<\/span> <span ># Sens\u00f6r Bilgileri<\/span> <span >get_sensor_info<\/span><span >(<\/span><span >)<\/span> <span >{<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >-e<\/span> <span >\"<span  title=\"\\n\">\\n<\/span><span >${GREEN}<\/span>=== Sistem Sens\u00f6rleri ===<span >${NC}<\/span>\"<\/span> sensors <span ><span >2<\/span>&gt;<\/span>\/dev\/null <span >||<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >\"Sens\u00f6r bilgisi bulunamad\u0131\"<\/span> <span >}<\/span> <span ># BIOS Bilgisi<\/span> <span >get_bios_info<\/span><span >(<\/span><span >)<\/span> <span >{<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >-e<\/span> <span >\"<span  title=\"\\n\">\\n<\/span><span >${GREEN}<\/span>=== BIOS Bilgileri ===<span >${NC}<\/span>\"<\/span> dmidecode <span >-t<\/span> bios <span ><span >2<\/span>&gt;<\/span>\/dev\/null <span >||<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >\"BIOS bilgisi al\u0131namad\u0131\"<\/span> <span >}<\/span> <span ># Sistem \u00d6zeti<\/span> <span >get_system_summary<\/span><span >(<\/span><span >)<\/span> <span >{<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >-e<\/span> <span >\"<span  title=\"\\n\">\\n<\/span><span >${GREEN}<\/span>=== Sistem \u00d6zeti ===<span >${NC}<\/span>\"<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >-e<\/span> <span >\"<span >${YELLOW}<\/span>Kernel Bilgisi:<span >${NC}<\/span>\"<\/span> <span >uname<\/span> <span >-a<\/span> <span >echo<\/span> <span >-e<\/span> <span >\"<span  title=\"\\n\">\\n<\/span><span >${YELLOW}<\/span>\u0130\u015fletim Sistemi:<span >${NC}<\/span>\"<\/span> <span >cat<\/span> \/etc\/os-release <span >|<\/span> <span >grep<\/span> PRETTY_NAME <span >}<\/span> <span ># Ana fonksiyon<\/span> <span >main<\/span><span >(<\/span><span >)<\/span> <span >{<\/span> print_banner check_packages <span ># T\u00fcm bilgileri topla<\/span> get_system_summary get_cpu_info get_memory_info get_disk_info get_usb_info get_pci_info get_network_info get_sensor_info get_bios_info <span >echo<\/span> <span >-e<\/span> <span >\"<span  title=\"\\n\">\\n<\/span><span >${BLUE}<\/span>Bilgi toplama i\u015flemi tamamland\u0131.<span >${NC}<\/span>\"<\/span> <span >}<\/span> <span ># Scripti \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/span> main<\/pre> <\/div>","excerpt":"Alpine Linux \u00fczerinde tam kapsaml\u0131 bir web sunucusu kurulumu","created_at":"2025-02-23 21:21:24","updated_at":"2026-09-23 18:51:41","category_id":10,"view_count":1000,"reading_time":5,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2025-02-23 21:21:24","featured_image":"resimyok.jpg","slug":"alpine-linux-ile-web-server-kurulumu","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix","category_color":"#2a1952"},{"id":152,"title":"Alpine Linux kurulumundan sonras\u0131","content":"<p>Alpine Linux kurulumundan sonra temel kurulumlar\u0131 otomatik yapmak i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki bash scripti kullanabilirsiniz<\/p><p>&nbsp;<\/p><p>```bash<br>#!\/bin\/bash<\/p><p># Alpine Linux After Install Script<br># Bu betik Alpine Linux kurulumundan sonra temel yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131 yapar<\/p><p># Hata durumunda beti\u011fi durdur<br>set -e<\/p><p># Renk kodlar\u0131<br>RED='\\033; then<br>&nbsp; echo -e \"${RED}Bu betik root yetkisi gerektirir${NC}\"<br>&nbsp; exit 1<br>fi<\/p><p># Fonksiyonlar<br>print_message() {<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;echo -e \"${GREEN}==&gt;${NC} $1\"<br>}<\/p><p>print_warning() {<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;echo -e \"${YELLOW}==&gt;${NC} $1\"<br>}<\/p><p># Repository g\u00fcncelleme<br>update_system() {<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;print_message \"Sistem g\u00fcncelleniyor...\"<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;cat &gt; \/etc\/apk\/repositories &lt;&lt; EOF<br>http:\/\/dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org\/alpine\/v3.19\/main<br>http:\/\/dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org\/alpine\/v3.19\/community<br>EOF<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;apk update &amp;&amp; apk upgrade<br>}<\/p><p># Temel paketlerin kurulumu<br>install_base_packages() {<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;print_message \"Temel paketler kuruluyor...\"<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;apk add sudo vim curl wget git htop bash \\<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;net-tools iputils openssh lsblk usbutils \\<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;pciutils nano tmux tree<br>}<\/p><p># Kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fturma<br>create_user() {<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;print_message \"Yeni kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fturuluyor...\"<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;read -p \"Kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131: \" username<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;adduser $username<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;addgroup $username wheel<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;echo \"%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL\" &gt; \/etc\/sudoers.d\/wheel<br>}<\/p><p># SSH yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<br>configure_ssh() {<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;print_message \"SSH yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor...\"<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;rc-update add sshd default<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;service sshd start<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;# SSH g\u00fcvenlik ayarlar\u0131<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;sed -i 's\/#PermitRootLogin.*\/PermitRootLogin no\/' \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;sed -i 's\/#PasswordAuthentication.*\/PasswordAuthentication yes\/' \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;rc-service sshd restart<br>}<\/p><p># Saat dilimi ayar\u0131<br>configure_timezone() {<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;print_message \"Saat dilimi ayarlan\u0131yor...\"<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;setup-timezone Europe\/Istanbul<br>}<\/p><p># Sistem ara\u00e7lar\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<br>configure_system_tools() {<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;print_message \"Sistem ara\u00e7lar\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor...\"<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;# Bash'i varsay\u0131lan shell yap<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;sed -i 's\/\\\/bin\\\/ash\/\\\/bin\\\/bash\/g' \/etc\/passwd<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;# Vim yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;cat &gt; \/etc\/vim\/vimrc.local &lt;&lt; EOF<br>syntax on<br>set number<br>set showmatch<br>set ignorecase<br>set smartcase<br>set incsearch<br>set ruler<br>EOF<br>}<\/p><p># Ana fonksiyon<br>main() {<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;print_message \"Alpine Linux yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131yor...\"<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;update_system<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;install_base_packages<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;create_user<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;configure_ssh<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;configure_timezone<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;configure_system_tools<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;print_message \"Yap\u0131land\u0131rma tamamland\u0131!\"<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;print_warning \"Sistemi yeniden ba\u015flatman\u0131z \u00f6nerilir.\"<br>}<\/p><p># Beti\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<br>main<\/p><p>```<\/p><p>Bu betik \u015funlar\u0131 yapar:<\/p><p>1. Sistem g\u00fcncellemesi<br>2. Temel paketlerin kurulumu<br>3. Yeni kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fturma<br>4. SSH yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<br>5. Saat dilimi ayar\u0131<br>6. Temel sistem ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<\/p><p>Kullanmak i\u00e7in:<br>1. Beti\u011fi bir dosyaya kaydedin (\u00f6rn: `alpine-setup.sh`)<br>2. \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma izni verin: `chmod +x alpine-setup.sh`<br>3. Root olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n: `.\/alpine-setup.sh`<\/p><p>Betik etkile\u015fimli olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve gerekli bilgileri sorar. G\u00fcvenlik ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 ve temel yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131 otomatik olarak yapar.<\/p><p>&nbsp;<\/p><blockquote><p><br>==&gt; Alpine Linux yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131yor...<br>==&gt; Sistem g\u00fcncelleniyor...<br>fetch http:\/\/dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org\/alpine\/v3.19\/main\/x86_64\/APKINDEX.tar.gz<br>fetch http:\/\/dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org\/alpine\/v3.19\/community\/x86_64\/APKINDEX.tar.gz<br>v3.19.7-23-g6f54aca1199 <br>v3.19.7-23-g6f54aca1199 <br>OK: 23119 distinct packages available<br>OK: 181 MiB in 86 packages<br>==&gt; Temel paketler kuruluyor...<br>(1\/28) Installing iputils-arping (20221126-r2)<br>(2\/28) Installing iputils-clockdiff (20221126-r2)<br>(3\/28) Installing iputils-ping (20221126-r2)<br>(4\/28) Installing iputils-tracepath (20221126-r2)<br>(5\/28) Installing iputils (20221126-r2)<br>(6\/28) Installing libmount (2.39.3-r0)<br>(7\/28) Installing libsmartcols (2.39.3-r0)<br>(8\/28) Installing lsblk (2.39.3-r0)<br>(9\/28) Installing nano (7.2-r1)<br>(10\/28) Installing mii-tool (2.10-r3)<br>(11\/28) Installing net-tools (2.10-r3)<br>(12\/28) Installing hwdata-pci (0.377.2-r0)<br>(13\/28) Installing pciutils-libs (3.10.0-r0)<br>(14\/28) Installing pciutils (3.10.0-r0)<br>(15\/28) Installing libevent (2.1.12-r7)<br>(16\/28) Installing tmux (3.3a_git20230428-r0)<br>(17\/28) Installing tree (2.1.1-r0)<br>(18\/28) Installing hwdata-usb (0.377.2-r0)<br>(19\/28) Installing udev-init-scripts (35-r1)<br>(20\/28) Installing udev-init-scripts-openrc (35-r1)<br>(21\/28) Installing eudev-libs (3.2.14-r1)<br>(22\/28) Installing eudev (3.2.14-r1)<br>(23\/28) Installing eudev-openrc (3.2.14-r1)<br>(24\/28) Installing pkgconf (2.1.0-r0)<br>(25\/28) Installing eudev-dev (3.2.14-r1)<br>(26\/28) Installing libusb (1.0.26-r3)<br>(27\/28) Installing libusb-dev (1.0.26-r3)<br>(28\/28) Installing usbutils (017-r0)<br>Executing busybox-1.37.0-r12.trigger<br>Executing eudev-3.2.14-r1.trigger<br>OK: 188 MiB in 114 packages<br>==&gt; Yeni kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fturuluyor...<br>Kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131: onder<br>Changing password for onder<br>New password:<br>Retype password:<br>passwd: password for boot changed by root<br>==&gt; SSH yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor...<br>* rc-update: sshd already installed in runlevel `default'; skipping<br>* WARNING: sshd has already been started<br>* Caching service dependencies ... &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<br>* Stopping sshd ... &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <br>* Starting sshd ... &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <br>==&gt; Saat dilimi ayarlan\u0131yor...<br>==&gt; Sistem ara\u00e7lar\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor...<br>==&gt; Yap\u0131land\u0131rma tamamland\u0131!<br>==&gt; Sistemi yeniden ba\u015flatman\u0131z \u00f6nerilir.<br>&nbsp;<\/p><\/blockquote><p>&nbsp;<\/p>","excerpt":"Alpine Linux kurulumundan sonra temel kurulumlar\u0131 otomatik yapmak i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki bash scripti kullanabilirsiniz","created_at":"2025-02-23 20:16:53","updated_at":"2026-09-23 20:56:01","category_id":10,"view_count":727,"reading_time":6,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2025-02-23 20:16:53","featured_image":"resimyok.jpg","slug":"alpine-linux-kurulumundan-sonrasi","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix","category_color":"#2a1952"},{"id":155,"title":"Armbian","content":"<p>Armbian, \u00f6zellikle ARM tabanl\u0131 single-board bilgisayarlar (SBC'ler) i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f bir Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr cihazlar aras\u0131nda Raspberry Pi, Orange Pi, NanoPi ve di\u011fer benzer donan\u0131mlar bulunur. Armbian, bu cihazlar\u0131n performans\u0131n\u0131 optimize etmek ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 dostu bir deneyim sunmak i\u00e7in \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir i\u015fletim sistemi sa\u011flar.<\/p><p>GitHub deposu ((https:\/\/github.com\/armbian\/build)) ise, Armbian i\u015fletim sisteminin derlenmesi ve \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve betikleri i\u00e7erir. Bu depo, Armbian geli\u015ftiricilerinin ve katk\u0131da bulunanlar\u0131n, farkl\u0131 donan\u0131m platformlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir Armbian g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc olu\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da bu deponun temel \u00f6zellikleri:<\/p><p>---<\/p><p>Depo Hakk\u0131nda Temel Bilgiler<br \/>1. Amac\u0131:<br \/>\u00a0 - Armbian\/build deposu, Armbian i\u015fletim sistemi g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir yap\u0131land\u0131rma ve derleme ortam\u0131 sa\u011flar.<br \/>\u00a0 - Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar, kendi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir Armbian s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc olu\u015fturabilirler.<\/p><p>2. Desteklenen Donan\u0131mlar:<br \/>\u00a0 - Depo, bir\u00e7ok ARM tabanl\u0131 SBC'yi destekler. \u00d6rne\u011fin:<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 - Raspberry Pi serisi<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 - Orange Pi serisi<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 - NanoPi serisi<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 - Rockchip, Allwinner ve Amlogic gibi \u00e7ipsetlere sahip cihazlar<\/p><p>3. Kullan\u0131lan Teknolojiler:<br \/>\u00a0 - Derleme s\u00fcreci, Bash betikleri ve yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131 kullan\u0131larak y\u00f6netilir.<br \/>\u00a0 - \u00c7ekirdek (kernel), bootloader ve di\u011fer bile\u015fenler \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilebilir.<\/p><p>Depo \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fi<br \/>Depo, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ana bile\u015fenleri i\u00e7erir:<\/p><p>1. compile.sh:<br \/>\u00a0 - Ana derleme beti\u011fi. Bu betik, t\u00fcm derleme s\u00fcrecini otomatikle\u015ftirir.<br \/>\u00a0 - Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar, bu beti\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak kendi Armbian g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini olu\u015fturabilirler.<\/p><p>2. Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Dosyalar\u0131:<br \/>\u00a0 - config\/ dizini, farkl\u0131 donan\u0131m platformlar\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<br \/>\u00a0 - Her donan\u0131m platformu i\u00e7in \u00e7ekirdek parametreleri, bootloader ayarlar\u0131 ve di\u011fer \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmeler burada tan\u0131mlan\u0131r.<\/p><p>3. Paket Y\u00f6netimi:<br \/>\u00a0 - Armbian, Debian veya Ubuntu tabanl\u0131d\u0131r. Depo, bu paket y\u00f6netim sistemlerini kullanarak gerekli yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 y\u00fckler ve yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p><p>4. \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme Ara\u00e7lar\u0131:<br \/>\u00a0 - Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar, kendi uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131, betiklerini veya yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 ekleyebilir.<br \/>\u00a0 - \u00d6rne\u011fin, belirli bir donan\u0131m i\u00e7in \u00f6zel s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler veya yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar eklenebilir.<\/p><p>5. Dok\u00fcmantasyon:<br \/>\u00a0 - Depo i\u00e7indeki README.md ve di\u011fer dok\u00fcmantasyon dosyalar\u0131, derleme s\u00fcrecini ad\u0131m ad\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131klar.<\/p><p>---<\/p><p>Derleme S\u00fcreci<br \/>Armbian\/build deposunu kullanarak bir Armbian g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in genellikle \u015fu ad\u0131mlar izlenir:<\/p><p>1. Gereksinimleri Y\u00fckleme:<br \/>\u00a0 - Derleme i\u015flemi i\u00e7in bir Linux tabanl\u0131 sistem gereklidir (Ubuntu \u00f6nerilir).<br \/>\u00a0 - Gerekli ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar (git, build-essential, debootstrap vb.) y\u00fcklenmelidir.<\/p><p>2. Depoyu Klonlama:<br \/>\u00a0 bash<br \/>\u00a0 git clone https:\/\/github.com\/armbian\/build.git<br \/>\u00a0 cd build\u00a0<\/p><p>3. Derleme Beti\u011fini \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma:<br \/>\u00a0 bash<br \/>\u00a0 .\/compile.sh<\/p><p>\u00a0 - Betik, kullan\u0131c\u0131dan hangi donan\u0131m platformu i\u00e7in bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc olu\u015fturmak istedi\u011fini sorar.<br \/>\u00a0 - Ayr\u0131ca, \u00e7ekirdek s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc, yaz\u0131l\u0131m paketleri ve di\u011fer se\u00e7enekler de se\u00e7ilebilir.<\/p><p>4. G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc Olu\u015fturma:<br \/>\u00a0 - Derleme tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 olarak bir .img dosyas\u0131 \u00fcretilir.<br \/>\u00a0 - Bu dosya, SD kart veya eMMC \u00fczerine yaz\u0131labilir.<\/p><p>5. Test Etme:<br \/>\u00a0 - Olu\u015fturulan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc hedef donan\u0131ma y\u00fckleyerek test edebilirsiniz.<\/p><p>---<\/p><p>Armbian\/build deposu, ARM tabanl\u0131 cihazlar i\u00e7in \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fturmak isteyen herkes i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Hem geli\u015ftiriciler hem de son kullan\u0131c\u0131lar, bu depoyu kullanarak ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak bir Armbian s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc olu\u015fturabilirler. E\u011fer daha fazla bilgiye ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z varsa, (https:\/\/docs.armbian.com\/) ve GitHub deposundaki README.md dosyas\u0131na g\u00f6z atabilirsiniz.<\/p><p>Umar\u0131m bu bilgiler faydal\u0131 olmu\u015ftur! Ek sorular\u0131n\u0131z varsa, l\u00fctfen sormaktan \u00e7ekinmeyin. \ud83d\ude0a<\/p>","excerpt":"Armbian\/build deposu, ARM tabanl\u0131 cihazlar i\u00e7in \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir Linux da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fturmak isteyen herkes i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Hem geli\u015ftiriciler hem de son kullan\u0131c\u0131lar, bu depoyu kullanarak ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak bir Armbian s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc olu\u015fturabilirler. E\u011fer daha fazla bilgiye ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z varsa, [resmi Armbian dok\u00fcmantasyonu](https:\/\/docs.armbian.com\/) ve GitHub deposundaki `README.md` dosyas\u0131na g\u00f6z atabilirsiniz.","created_at":"2025-02-20 20:57:20","updated_at":"2026-09-23 16:19:51","category_id":10,"view_count":779,"reading_time":4,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2025-02-20 20:57:20","featured_image":"resimyok.jpg","slug":"armbian","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix","category_color":"#2a1952"},{"id":225,"title":"Debian Tabanl\u0131 Sistemlerde Kurulu Paketleri G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme ve Kald\u0131rma","content":"<p>Debian tabanl\u0131 sistemler (\u00f6rne\u011fin, Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint), paket y\u00f6netimi konusunda olduk\u00e7a esnek ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 dostudur. Ancak zamanla sisteminizde bir\u00e7ok paket birikebilir ve bu paketler gereksiz kaynak t\u00fcketimine veya kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa neden olabilir. Bu yaz\u0131da, Debian tabanl\u0131 sistemlerde kurulu paketleri nas\u0131l g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleyece\u011finizi ve gereksiz paketleri nas\u0131l kald\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ad\u0131m ad\u0131m anlataca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p><p>---<\/p><p>## 1. Kurulu Paketleri G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme<\/p><p>Sisteminizde kurulu olan paketleri g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemek i\u00e7in birden fazla y\u00f6ntem bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte en yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan komutlar:<\/p><p>### 1.1. **T\u00fcm Kurulu Paketleri Listelemek**<\/p><p>T\u00fcm kurulu paketleri listelemek i\u00e7in `dpkg` komutunu kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p><p>```bash<br>dpkg --get-selections<br>```<\/p><p>Bu komut, sistemde kurulu olan t\u00fcm paketleri ve durumlar\u0131n\u0131 (kurulu, kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, vb.) listeler.<\/p><p>### 1.2. **Belirli Bir Paketin Kurulu Olup Olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Kontrol Etmek**<\/p><p>Belirli bir paketin kurulu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in `dpkg` ve `grep` komutlar\u0131n\u0131 birlikte kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p><p>```bash<br>dpkg -l | grep paket_adi<br>```<\/p><p>\u00d6rne\u011fin, `curl` paketinin kurulu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in:<\/p><p>```bash<br>dpkg -l | grep curl<br>```<\/p><p>### 1.3. **APT ile Kurulu Paketleri Listelemek**<\/p><p>APT paket y\u00f6neticisi ile kurulu paketleri listelemek i\u00e7in:<\/p><p>```bash<br>apt list --installed<br>```<\/p><p>Bu komut, APT ile kurulmu\u015f t\u00fcm paketleri listeler.<\/p><p>### 1.4. **Kurulu Bir Paketin Detaylar\u0131n\u0131 G\u00f6rmek**<\/p><p>Kurulu bir paketin detaylar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in:<\/p><p>```bash<br>dpkg -s paket_adi<br>```<\/p><p>\u00d6rne\u011fin, `apache2` paketinin detaylar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in:<\/p><p>```bash<br>dpkg -s apache2<br>```<\/p><p>### 1.5. **Kurulu Paketlerin Dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 Listelemek**<\/p><p>Kurulu bir paketin hangi dosyalar\u0131 y\u00fckledi\u011fini g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in:<\/p><p>```bash<br>dpkg -L paket_adi<br>```<\/p><p>\u00d6rne\u011fin, `bash` paketinin kurulu dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 listelemek i\u00e7in:<\/p><p>```bash<br>dpkg -L bash<br>```<\/p><p>---<\/p><p>## 2. Paket Kald\u0131rma<\/p><p>Kurulu paketleri kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ad\u0131mlar\u0131 takip edebilirsiniz.<\/p><p>### 2.1. **Tek Bir Paketi Kald\u0131rma**<\/p><p>Bir paketi kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in `apt remove` komutunu kullanabilirsiniz:<\/p><p>```bash<br>sudo apt remove paket_adi<br>```<\/p><p>\u00d6rne\u011fin, `vim` paketini kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in:<\/p><p>```bash<br>sudo apt remove vim<br>```<\/p><p>### 2.2. **Paketi ve Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 Kald\u0131rma**<\/p><p>Paketi ve yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 tamamen kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in `--purge` se\u00e7ene\u011fini kullan\u0131n:<\/p><p>```bash<br>sudo apt remove --purge paket_adi<br>```<\/p><p>\u00d6rne\u011fin, `apache2` paketini ve yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in:<\/p><p>```bash<br>sudo apt remove --purge apache2<br>```<\/p><p>### 2.3. **Birden Fazla Paketi Kald\u0131rma**<\/p><p>Birden fazla paketi tek seferde kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in paket isimlerini bo\u015flukla ay\u0131rarak yaz\u0131n:<\/p><p>```bash<br>sudo apt remove paket1 paket2 paket3<br>```<\/p><p>\u00d6rne\u011fin, `vim`, `curl` ve `wget` paketlerini kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in:<\/p><p>```bash<br>sudo apt remove vim curl wget<br>```<\/p><p>### 2.4. **Otomatik Olarak Y\u00fcklenen Gereksiz Paketleri Temizleme**<\/p><p>Kald\u0131r\u0131lan paketlerin ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 nedeniyle otomatik olarak y\u00fcklenen ancak art\u0131k gerekmeyen paketleri temizlemek i\u00e7in:<\/p><p>```bash<br>sudo apt autoremove --purge<br>```<\/p><p>Bu komut, kullan\u0131lmayan ve otomatik olarak y\u00fcklenen paketleri kald\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p><p>---<\/p><p>## 3. \u00d6rnek: FreeRADIUS Paketlerini Kald\u0131rma<\/p><p>\u00d6rne\u011fin, sisteminizde kurulu olan `freeradius` ve ilgili paketleri kald\u0131rmak istiyorsan\u0131z:<\/p><p>```bash<br>sudo apt remove --purge freeradius freeradius-common freeradius-config freeradius-mysql freeradius-utils<br>```<\/p><p>Ard\u0131ndan, gereksiz paketleri temizlemek i\u00e7in:<\/p><p>```bash<br>sudo apt autoremove --purge<br>```<\/p><p>---<\/p><p>## 4. Neden Paketleri Kald\u0131rmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z?<\/p><p>- **Gereksiz Kaynak T\u00fcketimi:** Kullan\u0131lmayan paketler, disk alan\u0131 ve sistem kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcketebilir.<br>- **G\u00fcvenlik:** Kullan\u0131lmayan servisler, potansiyel g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131na neden olabilir.<br>- **Sistem Temizli\u011fi:** Sisteminizi daha organize ve temiz tutmak i\u00e7in gereksiz paketleri kald\u0131rabilirsiniz.<\/p><p>---<\/p><p>## 5. Sonu\u00e7<\/p><p>Debian tabanl\u0131 sistemlerde kurulu paketleri g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemek ve kald\u0131rmak olduk\u00e7a kolayd\u0131r. Yukar\u0131daki ad\u0131mlar\u0131 takip ederek, sisteminizdeki gereksiz paketleri temizleyebilir ve daha verimli bir ortam olu\u015fturabilirsiniz. E\u011fer bu rehber i\u015finize yarad\u0131ysa, yorum b\u0131rakarak deneyimlerinizi payla\u015fabilir veya sosyal medyada payla\u015farak ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n da faydalanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilirsiniz. \ud83d\ude0a<\/p><p>---<\/p><p>Bu blog yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kendi sitenizde veya platformunuzda kullanabilirsiniz. E\u011fer daha fazla teknik rehber veya Linux ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 istiyorsan\u0131z, abone olmay\u0131 unutmay\u0131n! \ud83d\ude80<\/p><p>---<\/p><p>Bu yaz\u0131, hem yeni ba\u015flayanlar hem de deneyimli kullan\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in faydal\u0131 olacak \u015fekilde haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Umar\u0131m i\u015finize yarar! \ud83d\ude0a<\/p>","excerpt":"Debian tabanl\u0131 sistemler (\u00f6rne\u011fin, Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint), paket y\u00f6netimi konusunda olduk\u00e7a esnek ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 dostudur. Ancak zamanla sisteminizde bir\u00e7ok paket birikebilir ve bu paketler gereksiz kaynak t\u00fcketimine veya kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa neden olabilir. Bu yaz\u0131da, Debian tabanl\u0131 sistemlerde kurulu paketleri nas\u0131l g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleyece\u011finizi ve gereksiz paketleri nas\u0131l kald\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ad\u0131m ad\u0131m anlataca\u011f\u0131z.","created_at":"2025-01-12 23:51:07","updated_at":"2026-09-23 16:37:51","category_id":10,"view_count":751,"reading_time":4,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2025-01-12 23:51:07","featured_image":"resimyok.jpg","slug":"debian-tabanli-sistemlerde-kurulu-paketleri-goruntuleme-ve-kaldirma","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix","category_color":"#2a1952"},{"id":244,"title":"Debian Kurulum Notlar\u0131m","content":"<figure ><img src=\"uploads\/67710b1d6c01f_medium_0AS3SQRjREkeCCLbI\" alt=\"\u00d6nder AK\u00d6Z\"><\/figure><p>Debian Kurulum Notlar\u0131m\/ install Notes<\/p><p>1. Debian Repository Ekleme \/ Adding Debian Repository<br>\u2014 Sources.list Dosyas\u0131 Ekleme \/ Adding Sources.list File<br>\u2014 Temel Repository Format\u0131 \/ Basic Repository Format<br>\u2014 Resmi Repository\u2019ler \/ Official Repositories<br>\u2014 GPG Anahtar\u0131 Ekleme \/ Adding GPG Key<br>\u2014 Repository G\u00fcncelleme \/ Repository Update<br>\u2014 Backports Repository \/ Backports Repository<br>\u2014 Third-Party Repository \/ Third-Party Repository<br>\u2014 Repository Silme \/ Remove Repository<br>\u2014 Repository Y\u00f6netimi \/ Repository Management<br>\u2014 HTTPS Deste\u011fi \/ HTTPS Support<\/p><p>2. Terminal Kopyalama-Yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma \/ Terminal Copy-Paste<br>\u2014 Terminal \u0130\u00e7i Kopyalama \/ In-Terminal Copy<br>\u2014 Sa\u011f T\u0131k Men\u00fcs\u00fc \/ Right Click Menu<br>\u2014 Orta Fare Tu\u015fu \/ Middle Mouse Button<br>\u2014 Terminal K\u0131sayollar\u0131 \/ Terminal Shortcuts<br>\u2014 Screen Kullan\u0131m\u0131 \/ Screen Usage<br>\u2014 Tmux Kullan\u0131m\u0131 \/ Tmux Usage<br>\u2014 Buffer Kopyalama \/ Buffer Copy<br>\u2014 xclip Kullan\u0131m\u0131 \/ xclip Usage<br>\u2014 Terminal Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 \/ Terminal Configuration<br>\u2014 Vim Kopyalama \/ Vim Copy<br>\u2014 SSH Kopyalama \/ SSH Copy<\/p><p>3. Sistem Ask\u0131ya Alma \/ System Suspend<br>\u2014 Ask\u0131ya Alma Engelleme \/ Prevent Suspend<br>\u2014 Dosya Kaydetme \/ Save Files<br>\u2014 Sistem Durumu Kontrol\u00fc \/ System Status Check<br>\u2014 Ask\u0131ya Alma Y\u00f6netimi \/ Suspend Management<br>\u2014 Zamanl\u0131 Ask\u0131ya Alma \/ Timed Suspend<\/p><p>4. RDP Kurulumu \/ RDP Setup<br>\u2014 XRDP Kurulumu \/ XRDP Installation<br>\u2014 XRDP Servis Y\u00f6netimi \/ XRDP Service Management<br>\u2014 Firewall Ayarlar\u0131 \/ Firewall Settings<br>\u2014 Masa\u00fcst\u00fc Ortam\u0131 Ayarlar\u0131 \/ Desktop Environment Settings<br>\u2014 Sorun Giderme \/ Troubleshooting<br>\u2014 G\u00fcvenlik \u00d6nerileri \/ Security Recommendations<br>\u2014 Ba\u011flant\u0131 Bilgileri \/ Connection Information<\/p><p>5. LAMP install (phpmayadmin + secure install)<br>6. OpenSSH install<br>7. Debian\/Linux sisteminde saat ve tarih g\u00fcncelleme i\u015flemleri<br>8. Debian\/Linux\u2019ta uyku moduna girmeyi engelleme y\u00f6ntemleri<br>9. FTP sunucusu kurulumu i\u00e7in vsftpd (Very Secure FTP Daemon) kullanaca\u011f\u0131z<br>10. Debian\u2019a VSCode kurulumunu&nbsp;<br>*****************************************************<br><br>Debian\u2019da repository (depo) ekleme konusunda size yard\u0131mc\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131m. \u0130\u015fte farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerle repository ekleme ad\u0131mlar\u0131:<\/p><p>1. Sources.list Dosyas\u0131 \u00dczerinden Ekleme:<br>```bash<br># Sources.list dosyas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131n<br>sudo nano \/etc\/apt\/sources.list<\/p><p># Veya yeni bir dosya olu\u015fturun<br>sudo nano \/etc\/apt\/sources.list.d\/yeni_repo.list<br>```<\/p><p>2. Temel Repository Format\u0131:<br>```bash<br>deb <a href=\"http:\/\/depo-adresi\/debian\">http:\/\/depo-adresi\/debian<\/a> version main contrib non-free<br>deb-src <a href=\"http:\/\/depo-adresi\/debian\">http:\/\/depo-adresi\/debian<\/a> version main contrib non-free<br>```<\/p><p>3. Debian\u2019\u0131n Resmi Repository\u2019leri (\u00d6rnek):<br>```bash<br># Debian 12 (Bookworm) i\u00e7in<br>deb <a href=\"http:\/\/deb.debian.org\/debian\">http:\/\/deb.debian.org\/debian<\/a> bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware<br>deb <a href=\"http:\/\/deb.debian.org\/debian-security\">http:\/\/deb.debian.org\/debian-security<\/a> bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware<br>deb <a href=\"http:\/\/deb.debian.org\/debian\">http:\/\/deb.debian.org\/debian<\/a> bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware<\/p><p># Debian 11 (Bullseye) i\u00e7in<br>deb <a href=\"http:\/\/deb.debian.org\/debian\">http:\/\/deb.debian.org\/debian<\/a> bullseye main contrib non-free<br>deb <a href=\"http:\/\/security.debian.org\/debian-security\">http:\/\/security.debian.org\/debian-security<\/a> bullseye-security main contrib non-free<br>deb <a href=\"http:\/\/deb.debian.org\/debian\">http:\/\/deb.debian.org\/debian<\/a> bullseye-updates main contrib non-free<br>```<\/p><p>4. GPG Anahtar\u0131 Ekleme:<br>```bash<br># Anahtar indirme<br>wget -qO \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/paket-adresi\/KEY.gpg\">https:\/\/paket-adresi\/KEY.gpg<\/a> | sudo apt-key add -<\/p><p># Veya<br>curl -fsSL <a href=\"https:\/\/paket-adresi\/KEY.gpg\">https:\/\/paket-adresi\/KEY.gpg<\/a> | sudo gpg \u2014 dearmor -o \/etc\/apt\/trusted.gpg.d\/paket.gpg<br>```<\/p><p>5. Repository G\u00fcncelleme:<br>```bash<br># Paket listelerini g\u00fcncelle<br>sudo apt update<\/p><p># T\u00fcm paketleri g\u00fcncelle<br>sudo apt upgrade<br>```<\/p><p>6. Backports Repository Ekleme:<br>```bash<br># Bookworm i\u00e7in<br>deb <a href=\"http:\/\/deb.debian.org\/debian\">http:\/\/deb.debian.org\/debian<\/a> bookworm-backports main contrib non-free<\/p><p># Bullseye i\u00e7in<br>deb <a href=\"http:\/\/deb.debian.org\/debian\">http:\/\/deb.debian.org\/debian<\/a> bullseye-backports main contrib non-free<br>```<\/p><p>7. Third-Party Repository \u00d6rnekleri:<\/p><p>PHP Repository:<br>```bash<br># Ondrej PHP PPA<br>wget -qO \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/packages.sury.org\/php\/apt.gpg\">https:\/\/packages.sury.org\/php\/apt.gpg<\/a> | sudo apt-key add -<br>echo \u201cdeb <a href=\"https:\/\/packages.sury.org\/php\/\">https:\/\/packages.sury.org\/php\/<\/a> $(lsb_release -sc) main\u201d | sudo tee \/etc\/apt\/sources.list.d\/php.list<br>```<\/p><p>Node.js Repository:<br>```bash<br># NodeSource repository<br>curl -fsSL <a href=\"https:\/\/deb.nodesource.com\/setup_lts.x\">https:\/\/deb.nodesource.com\/setup_lts.x<\/a> | sudo bash -<br>```<\/p><p>8. Repository Silme:<br>```bash<br># sources.list.d dizininden silme<br>sudo rm \/etc\/apt\/sources.list.d\/repo_adi.list<\/p><p># veya sources.list i\u00e7inden ilgili sat\u0131rlar\u0131 silme\/yorum sat\u0131r\u0131 yapma<br>sudo nano \/etc\/apt\/sources.list<br>```<\/p><p>9. Repository Y\u00f6netimi \u0130\u00e7in Yararl\u0131 Komutlar:<br>```bash<br># Mevcut repository\u2019leri listele<br>apt policy<\/p><p># Repository anahtarlar\u0131n\u0131 listele<br>sudo apt-key list<\/p><p># Bozuk repository\u2019leri kontrol et<br>sudo apt update 2&gt;&amp;1 | grep Err<\/p><p># Repository \u00f6nbelle\u011fini temizle<br>sudo apt clean<br>```<\/p><p>10. HTTPS Deste\u011fi \u0130\u00e7in:<br>```bash<br>sudo apt install apt-transport-https ca-certificates<br>```<\/p><p>\u00d6nemli Notlar:<br>- Repository eklerken g\u00fcvenilir kaynaklardan ekledi\u011finizden emin olun<br>- Her repository ekledikten sonra `sudo apt update` komutunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n<br>- Eski\/kullan\u0131lmayan repository\u2019leri sistemden kald\u0131r\u0131n<br>- Third-party repository\u2019leri dikkatli kullan\u0131n<br>- Her zaman GPG anahtarlar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulay\u0131n<\/p><p>Bu ad\u0131mlar\u0131 takip ederek Debian sisteminize g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde yeni repository\u2019ler ekleyebilirsiniz.<\/p><p>Debian terminalinde kopyalama ve yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in size farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemleri a\u00e7\u0131klayaca\u011f\u0131m:<\/p><p>1. Terminal \u0130\u00e7inde Kopyalama-Yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma:<br>```bash<br># Kopyalama<br>CTRL + SHIFT + C<\/p><p># Yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma<br>CTRL + SHIFT + V<br>```<\/p><p>2. Sa\u011f T\u0131k Men\u00fcs\u00fc:<br>```bash<br># Fare sa\u011f t\u0131klama ile:<br>Kopyala (Copy)<br>Yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Paste)<br>```<\/p><p>3. Orta Fare Tu\u015fu ile:<br>```bash<br># Metni se\u00e7tikten sonra:<br>Orta tu\u015f (tekerlek) ile t\u0131klayarak yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma<br>```<\/p><p>4. Terminal K\u0131sayollar\u0131:<br>```bash<br># Metin se\u00e7imi:<br>SHIFT + Sol\/Sa\u011f ok tu\u015flar\u0131<\/p><p># T\u00fcm metni se\u00e7me:<br>CTRL + SHIFT + A<\/p><p># Kesme:<br>CTRL + SHIFT + X<br>```<\/p><p>5. Screen Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in:<br>```bash<br># Copy mode\u2019a ge\u00e7i\u015f:<br>CTRL + A + <br>```<\/p><p>6. Tmux Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in:<br>```bash<br># Copy mode\u2019a ge\u00e7i\u015f:<br>CTRL + B + <br>```<\/p><p>7. Terminal Buffer Kopyalama:<br>```bash<br># Son \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131y\u0131 kopyalama<br>!$<\/p><p># Son komutun tamam\u0131n\u0131 kopyalama<br>!!<br>```<\/p><p>8. xclip Kullan\u0131m\u0131:<br>```bash<br># xclip kurulumu<br>sudo apt install xclip<\/p><p># Dosya i\u00e7eri\u011fini panoya kopyalama<br>cat dosya.txt | xclip -selection clipboard<\/p><p># Komut \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 panoya kopyalama<br>pwd | xclip -selection clipboard<br>```<\/p><p>9. Terminal Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131:<br>```bash<br># .bashrc veya .zshrc dosyas\u0131na eklenebilecek alias\u2019lar:<br>alias c=\u2019xclip -selection clipboard\u2019<br>alias v=\u2019xclip -selection clipboard -o\u2019<br>```<\/p><p>10. Vim Kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in:<br>```bash<br># Vim i\u00e7inde kopyalama-yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma:<br># Visual mode\u2019a ge\u00e7i\u015f<br>v<\/p><p># T\u00fcm sat\u0131r\u0131 se\u00e7me<br>V<\/p><p># Kopyalama<br>y<\/p><p># Yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma<br>p<br>```<\/p><p>11. SSH \u00dczerinden Kopyalama:<br>```bash<br># SSH oturumunda kopyalama-yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma aktif etme<br>ssh -X kullanici@sunucu<br>```<\/p><p>\u00d6nemli \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131:<\/p><p>- Terminal em\u00fclat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcz\u00fcn ayarlar\u0131ndan kopyalama-yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zelle\u015ftirebilirsiniz<br>- Baz\u0131 terminal em\u00fclat\u00f6rleri otomatik kopyalama \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahiptir<br>- UTF-8 karakter kodlamas\u0131 sorunlar\u0131na dikkat edin<br>- G\u00fcvenlik nedeniyle baz\u0131 terminaller yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015flemini onay gerektirebilir<\/p><p>G\u00fcvenlik Notlar\u0131:<br>- Hassas bilgileri kopyalarken dikkatli olun<br>- Pano i\u00e7eri\u011fini d\u00fczenli olarak temizleyin<br>- G\u00fcvenilmeyen kaynaklardan yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma yaparken dikkatli olun<\/p><p>Terminal t\u00fcr\u00fcne g\u00f6re ek \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmeler:<\/p><p>GNOME Terminal:<br>```bash<br># Ayarlar men\u00fcs\u00fcnden:<br>D\u00fczenle &gt; Tercihler &gt; K\u0131sayollar<br>```<\/p><p>Konsole:<br>```bash<br># Ayarlar men\u00fcs\u00fcnden:<br>Ayarlar &gt; K\u0131sayollar\u0131 Yap\u0131land\u0131r<br>```<\/p><p>Bu y\u00f6ntemlerden size en uygun olan\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz.<\/p><p>``````<br>The system will suspend now!<br>``````<br>Bu mesaj sistemin ask\u0131ya al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (suspend\/uyku moduna ge\u00e7ece\u011fini) belirten bir uyar\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu durumla ilgili bilmeniz gerekenler ve yapabilecekleriniz:<\/p><p>1. Sistemin Ask\u0131ya Al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 Engellemek \u0130\u00e7in:<br>```bash<br># Ask\u0131ya almay\u0131 iptal etmek i\u00e7in<br>sudo systemctl cancel-shutdown<\/p><p># veya<br>sudo shutdown -c<br>```<\/p><p>2. A\u00e7\u0131k Dosyalar\u0131 Kaydetme:<br>- T\u00fcm a\u00e7\u0131k belgelerinizi kaydedin<br>- \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan programlar\u0131 d\u00fczg\u00fcnce kapat\u0131n<br>- Devam eden indirmeleri durdurun<\/p><p>3. Sistem Durumunu Kontrol:<br>```bash<br># Sistemi kullanan kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in<br>who<\/p><p># \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015flemleri g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in<br>ps aux<\/p><p># Sistem kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in<br>top<br>```<\/p><p>4. Ask\u0131ya Alma \u0130\u015flemini Y\u00f6netme:<br>```bash<br># Manuel ask\u0131ya alma<br>sudo pm-suspend<\/p><p># Veya<br>sudo systemctl suspend<br>```<\/p><p>5. Zamanl\u0131 Ask\u0131ya Alma:<br>```bash<br># 30 dakika sonra ask\u0131ya alma<br>sudo shutdown -h +30<\/p><p># Belirli bir saatte ask\u0131ya alma<br>sudo shutdown -h 23:00<br>```<\/p><p>\u00d6nemli Notlar:<br>- A\u00e7\u0131k dosyalar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 kaydetti\u011finizden emin olun<br>- \u00d6nemli i\u015flemlerin tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olun<br>- Sistem yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda i\u015flerinize kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z yerden devam edebilirsiniz<\/p><p>Debian\u2019da RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) kurulumu i\u00e7in ad\u0131m ad\u0131m rehber:<\/p><p>**T\u00dcRK\u00c7E:**<\/p><p>1. **XRDP Kurulumu:**<br>```bash<br># Sistem g\u00fcncellemesi<br>sudo apt update<br>sudo apt upgrade -y<\/p><p># XRDP ve XFCE4 masa\u00fcst\u00fc ortam\u0131 kurulumu<br>sudo apt install xrdp xfce4 xfce4-goodies -y<br>```<\/p><p>2. **XRDP Servisini Ba\u015flatma:**<br>```bash<br># XRDP servisini ba\u015flat<br>sudo systemctl start xrdp<\/p><p># Sistem ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda otomatik ba\u015flatma<br>sudo systemctl enable xrdp<br>```<\/p><p>3. **Firewall Ayarlar\u0131:**<br>```bash<br># UFW ile port a\u00e7ma<br>sudo ufw allow 3389\/tcp<\/p><p># Firewall\u2019u yeniden ba\u015flat<br>sudo ufw reload<br>```<\/p><p>4. **Masa\u00fcst\u00fc Ortam\u0131n\u0131 Ayarlama:**<br>```bash<br># XFCE4 yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturma<br>echo xfce4-session &gt; ~\/.xsession<\/p><p># XRDP yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleme<br>sudo nano \/etc\/xrdp\/startwm.sh<br>```<\/p><p>Dosyan\u0131n sonuna ekleyin:<br>```bash<br>#!\/bin\/sh<br>unset DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS<br>unset XDG_RUNTIME_DIR<br>startxfce4<br>```<\/p><p>5. **Servisi Yeniden Ba\u015flatma:**<br>```bash<br>sudo systemctl restart xrdp<br>```<\/p><p>6. **Ba\u011flant\u0131 Durumunu Kontrol Etme:**<br>```bash<br>sudo systemctl status xrdp<br>```<\/p><p>**ENGLISH:**<\/p><p>1. **Installing XRDP:**<br>```bash<br># System update<br>sudo apt update<br>sudo apt upgrade -y<\/p><p># Install XRDP and XFCE4 desktop environment<br>sudo apt install xrdp xfce4 xfce4-goodies -y<br>```<\/p><p>2. **Starting XRDP Service:**<br>```bash<br># Start XRDP service<br>sudo systemctl start xrdp<\/p><p># Enable automatic start at boot<br>sudo systemctl enable xrdp<br>```<\/p><p>3. **Firewall Settings:**<br>```bash<br># Open port with UFW<br>sudo ufw allow 3389\/tcp<\/p><p># Reload firewall<br>sudo ufw reload<br>```<\/p><p>4. **Setting Up Desktop Environment:**<br>```bash<br># Create XFCE4 configuration file<br>echo xfce4-session &gt; ~\/.xsession<\/p><p># Edit XRDP configuration file<br>sudo nano \/etc\/xrdp\/startwm.sh<br>```<\/p><p>Add to end of file:<br>```bash<br>#!\/bin\/sh<br>unset DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS<br>unset XDG_RUNTIME_DIR<br>startxfce4<br>```<\/p><p>5. **Restart Service:**<br>```bash<br>sudo systemctl restart xrdp<br>```<\/p><p>6. **Check Connection Status:**<br>```bash<br>sudo systemctl status xrdp<br>```<\/p><p>**Sorun Giderme \/ Troubleshooting:**<\/p><p>1. **Ba\u011flant\u0131 Sorunlar\u0131 \/ Connection Issues:**<br>```bash<br># Log kontrol\u00fc \/ Check logs<br>sudo tail -f \/var\/log\/xrdp.log<\/p><p># Servis durumu \/ Service status<br>sudo systemctl status xrdp<br>```<\/p><p>2. **\u0130zin Sorunlar\u0131 \/ Permission Issues:**<br>```bash<br># \u0130zinleri d\u00fczenleme \/ Fix permissions<br>sudo chown xrdp:xrdp \/var\/run\/xrdp.pid<br>sudo chown xrdp:xrdp \/var\/run\/xrdp.sock<br>```<\/p><p>3. **Port Kontrol\u00fc \/ Port Check:**<br>```bash<br># Port dinleme durumu \/ Port listening status<br>sudo netstat -tulpn | grep xrdp<br>```<\/p><p>4. **SSL Sertifika Yenileme \/ SSL Certificate Renewal:**<br>```bash<br># Sertifikalar\u0131 yenileme \/ Renew certificates<br>sudo xrdp-keygen xrdp auto<br>```<\/p><p>**G\u00fcvenlik \u00d6nerileri \/ Security Recommendations:**<\/p><p>1. **G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u015eifre Kullan\u0131m\u0131 \/ Strong Password Usage:**<br>```bash<br># \u015eifre politikas\u0131 ayarlama \/ Set password policy<br>sudo apt install libpam-pwquality<br>sudo nano \/etc\/security\/pwquality.conf<br>```<\/p><p>2. **SSH \u00dczerinden T\u00fcnel \/ SSH Tunneling:**<br>```bash<br># SSH t\u00fcneli olu\u015fturma \/ Create SSH tunnel<br>ssh -L 3389:localhost:3389 kullanici@sunucu-ip<br>```<\/p><p>3. **Fail2ban Kurulumu \/ Install Fail2ban:**<br>```bash<br>sudo apt install fail2ban<br>sudo cp \/etc\/fail2ban\/jail.conf \/etc\/fail2ban\/jail.local<br>sudo nano \/etc\/fail2ban\/jail.local<br>```<\/p><p>**Ba\u011flant\u0131 Bilgileri \/ Connection Information:**<br>- Varsay\u0131lan Port \/ Default Port: 3389<br>- Protokol \/ Protocol: RDP<br>- Kullan\u0131c\u0131 Ad\u0131 \/ Username: Linux kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131z \/ Your Linux username<br>- \u015eifre \/ Password: Linux kullan\u0131c\u0131 \u015fifreniz \/ Your Linux password<\/p><p>Windows\u2019tan ba\u011flanmak i\u00e7in \u201cUzak Masa\u00fcst\u00fc Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131\u201d (Remote Desktop Connection) uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz. \/ You can use Remote Desktop Connection application from Windows to connect.<\/p><p>Debian\u2019da LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) stack kurulumunu ad\u0131m ad\u0131m anlatay\u0131m:<\/p><p>1. Sistem G\u00fcncellemesi \/ System Update:<br>```bash<br>sudo apt update<br>sudo apt upgrade -y<br>```<\/p><p>2. Apache Web Server Kurulumu \/ Apache Installation:<br>```bash<br># Apache kurulumu<br>sudo apt install apache2<\/p><p># Apache\u2019yi ba\u015flatma<br>sudo systemctl start apache2<br>sudo systemctl enable apache2<\/p><p># Durumu kontrol<br>sudo systemctl status apache2<br>```<\/p><p>3. MySQL (MariaDB) Kurulumu \/ MySQL Installation:<br>```bash<br># MySQL kurulumu<br>sudo apt install mariadb-server mariadb-client<\/p><p># MySQL\u2019i ba\u015flatma<br>sudo systemctl start mariadb<br>sudo systemctl enable mariadb<\/p><p># G\u00fcvenlik yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<br>sudo mysql_secure_installation<br>```<\/p><p>4. PHP Kurulumu \/ PHP Installation:<br>```bash<br># PHP ve gerekli mod\u00fcllerin kurulumu<br>sudo apt install php php-mysql php-cli php-common php-mbstring php-gd php-curl php-xml php-zip<\/p><p># Apache PHP mod\u00fcl\u00fc<br>sudo apt install libapache2-mod-php<\/p><p># Apache\u2019yi yeniden ba\u015flatma<br>sudo systemctl restart apache2<br>```<\/p><p>5. Test ve Do\u011frulama \/ Testing:<br>```bash<br># PHP bilgi sayfas\u0131 olu\u015fturma<br>sudo nano \/var\/www\/html\/info.php<br>```<\/p><p>PHP test dosyas\u0131 i\u00e7eri\u011fi:<br>```php<br>&lt;?php<br>phpinfo();<br>?&gt;<br>```<\/p><p>6. \u0130zinler ve G\u00fcvenlik \/ Permissions:<br>```bash<br># Web dizini izinleri<br>sudo chown -R www-data:www-data \/var\/www\/html\/<br>sudo chmod -R 755 \/var\/www\/html\/<br>```<\/p><p>7. Firewall Ayarlar\u0131 \/ Firewall Settings:<br>```bash<br># HTTP ve HTTPS portlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7ma<br>sudo ufw allow 80\/tcp<br>sudo ufw allow 443\/tcp<br>sudo ufw reload<br>```<\/p><p>8. PhpMyAdmin Kurulumu (Opsiyonel) \/ PhpMyAdmin Installation \/phpMyAdmin secure Installation ad\u0131m ad\u0131m yapal\u0131m:<\/p><p>1. \u0130lk olarak paket deposunu g\u00fcncelleyelim:<br>```bash<br>sudo apt update<br>```<\/p><p>2. phpMyAdmin ve gerekli PHP paketlerini kural\u0131m:<br>```bash<br>sudo apt install phpmyadmin php-mbstring php-zip php-gd php-json php-curl<br>```<\/p><p>Kurulum s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u015fu ad\u0131mlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015facaks\u0131n\u0131z:<\/p><p>- Web sunucusu se\u00e7imi penceresi geldi\u011finde:<br>\u2014 Apache2 kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z Apache2'yi se\u00e7in (Space tu\u015fu ile se\u00e7im yap\u0131l\u0131r)<br>\u2014 Tab tu\u015fu ile OK\u2019a gelip Enter\u2019a bas\u0131n<\/p><p>- \u201cConfiguring phpmyadmin\u201d ekran\u0131nda:<br>\u2014 \u201cYes\u201d se\u00e7ene\u011fini se\u00e7in ve phpMyAdmin veritaban\u0131n\u0131 otomatik yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131na izin verin<\/p><p>- Veritaban\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir \u015fifre belirlemeniz istenecek:<br>\u2014 G\u00fcvenli bir \u015fifre belirleyin ve not al\u0131n<br>\u2014 \u015eifreyi tekrar girin<\/p><p>3. PHP\u2019yi yeniden ba\u015flatal\u0131m:<br>```bash<br>sudo systemctl restart apache2<br>```<\/p><p>4. G\u00fcvenlik i\u00e7in Apache\u2019de phpMyAdmin konfig\u00fcrasyonunu d\u00fczenleyelim:<br>```bash<br>sudo nano \/etc\/apache2\/conf-available\/phpmyadmin.conf<br>```<\/p><p>5. Apache\u2019yi yeniden ba\u015flatal\u0131m:<br>```bash<br>sudo systemctl restart apache2<br>```<\/p><p>Art\u0131k phpMyAdmin\u2019e eri\u015febilirsiniz:<br>- Web taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zda \u015fu adresi a\u00e7\u0131n: `<a href=\"http:\/\/localhost\/phpmyadmin%60\">http:\/\/localhost\/phpmyadmin`<\/a> veya `<a href=\"http:\/\/sunucu-ip-adresi\/phpmyadmin%60\">http:\/\/sunucu-ip-adresi\/phpmyadmin`<\/a><br>- Kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131 olarak \u201croot\u201d<br>- \u015eifre olarak MySQL root \u015fifrenizi kullan\u0131n<\/p><p>\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/phpmayadmin\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/<\/p><p>************gerekirsese yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rma************<\/p><p>Tamam, phpMyAdmin\u2019i yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131ral\u0131m:<\/p><p>1. \u00d6nce yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rma komutunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ral\u0131m:<br>```bash<br>sudo dpkg-reconfigure phpmyadmin<br>```<\/p><p>Bu komuttan sonra kar\u015f\u0131n\u0131za a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ad\u0131mlar \u00e7\u0131kacak:<\/p><p>2. Yap\u0131land\u0131rma Ad\u0131mlar\u0131:<br>\u2014 Web sunucusu se\u00e7imi ekran\u0131nda:<br>\u2014 Apache2'yi se\u00e7in (Space tu\u015fu ile)<br>\u2014 Tab tu\u015fu ile OK\u2019a gelip Enter\u2019a bas\u0131n<\/p><p>- \u201cConfigure database for phpmyadmin with dbconfig-common?\u201d sorusuna:<br>\u2014 \u201cYes\u201d se\u00e7ene\u011fini se\u00e7in<\/p><p>- phpMyAdmin veritaban\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fifre belirleme:<br>\u2014 G\u00fcvenli bir \u015fifre girin (\u00f6rne\u011fin: \u015fifreniz)<br>\u2014 \u015eifreyi tekrar girin<\/p><p>3. Yap\u0131land\u0131rma tamamland\u0131ktan sonra, gerekli servisleri yeniden ba\u015flatal\u0131m:<br>```bash<br>sudo systemctl restart mysql<br>sudo systemctl restart apache2<br>```<\/p><p>4. \u0130zinleri kontrol edelim:<br>```bash<br>sudo chown -R www-data:www-data \/etc\/phpmyadmin\/<br>sudo chmod 644 \/etc\/phpmyadmin\/config.inc.php<br>```<\/p><p>5. MySQL\u2019de root kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yetkilendirmesini yapal\u0131m:<br>```bash<br>sudo mysql<br>```<\/p><p>MySQL komut sat\u0131r\u0131nda:<br>```sql<br>ALTER USER \u2018root\u2019@\u2019localhost\u2019 IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY \u2018\u015fifre\u2019;<br>FLUSH PRIVILEGES;<br>EXIT;<br>```<\/p><p>6. Son olarak, t\u00fcm ayarlar\u0131n do\u011fru \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olmak i\u00e7in tekrar servisleri yeniden ba\u015flatal\u0131m:<br>```bash<br>sudo systemctl restart mysql<br>sudo systemctl restart apache2<br>```<\/p><p>\u015eimdi web taray\u0131c\u0131n\u0131zdan phpMyAdmin\u2019e eri\u015fmeyi deneyin:<br>```<br><a href=\"http:\/\/localhost\/phpmyadmin\">http:\/\/localhost\/phpmyadmin<\/a><br>```<br>veya<br>```<br><a href=\"http:\/\/sunucu-ip-adresi\/phpmyadmin\">http:\/\/sunucu-ip-adresi\/phpmyadmin<\/a><br>```<\/p><p>Kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131: root<br>\u015eifre: \u015fifre<\/p><p>E\u011fer hala bir sorunla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rsan\u0131z, l\u00fctfen hatay\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131n. Size yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaya devam edece\u011fim.<\/p><p>*********************************************************<\/p><p>G\u00fcvenlik \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131:<br>1. phpMyAdmin dizinini yeniden adland\u0131rabilirsiniz<br>2. .htaccess ile ek g\u00fcvenlik katman\u0131 ekleyebilirsiniz<br>3. Eri\u015fimi belirli IP adreslerine k\u0131s\u0131tlayabilirsiniz<\/p><p>\u00d6nemli Dizinler \/ Important Directories:<br>```bash<br># Web root dizini<br>\/var\/www\/html\/<\/p><p># Apache yap\u0131land\u0131rma<br>\/etc\/apache2\/<\/p><p># PHP yap\u0131land\u0131rma<br>\/etc\/php\/<\/p><p># MySQL yap\u0131land\u0131rma<br>\/etc\/mysql\/<br>```<\/p><p>Temel Komutlar \/ Basic Commands:<br>```bash<br># Apache y\u00f6netimi<br>sudo systemctl start|stop|restart|status apache2<\/p><p># MySQL y\u00f6netimi<br>sudo systemctl start|stop|restart|status mariadb<\/p><p># Apache hata loglar\u0131<br>sudo tail -f \/var\/log\/apache2\/error.log<\/p><p># PHP hata loglar\u0131<br>sudo tail -f \/var\/log\/php_errors.log<br>```<\/p><p>G\u00fcvenlik \u00d6nerileri \/ Security Tips:<br>1. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u015fifreler kullan\u0131n \/ Use strong passwords<br>2. D\u00fczenli g\u00fcncellemeleri yap\u0131n \/ Regular updates<br>3. SSL sertifikas\u0131 kurun \/ Install SSL certificate<br>4. G\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131n \/ Configure firewall<br>5. Dosya izinlerini kontrol edin \/ Check file permissions<\/p><p>SSL Sertifikas\u0131 Kurulumu \/ SSL Certificate:<br>```bash<br># Let\u2019s Encrypt kurulumu<br>sudo apt install certbot python3-certbot-apache<\/p><p># Sertifika alma<br>sudo certbot \u2014 apache<br>```<\/p><p>Virtual Host Olu\u015fturma \/ Creating Virtual Host:<br>```bash<br># Yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturma<br>sudo nano \/etc\/apache2\/sites-available\/site.conf<\/p><p># Virtual host aktif etme<br>sudo a2ensite site.conf<br>sudo systemctl reload apache2<br>```<\/p><p>Hata Ay\u0131klama \/ Troubleshooting:<br>1. Apache error logs kontrol<br>2. PHP error logs kontrol<br>3. MySQL error logs kontrol<br>4. \u0130zinlerin do\u011frulu\u011funu kontrol<br>5. Mod\u00fcllerin aktif oldu\u011funu kontrol<\/p><p>Not \/ Note:<br>- Her kurulumdan sonra servisleri yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n<br>- G\u00fcvenlik g\u00fcncellemelerini d\u00fczenli takip edin<br>- Yedekleme rutini olu\u015fturun<br>- Performans optimizasyonu yap\u0131n<\/p><p>SSH Server kurulumunu ad\u0131m ad\u0131m anlat\u0131yorum:<\/p><p>1. SSH Server Kurulumu \/ SSH Server Installation:<br>```bash<br># G\u00fcncelleme<br>sudo apt update<br>sudo apt upgrade<\/p><p># OpenSSH Server kurulumu<br>sudo apt install openssh-server<br>```<\/p><p>2. Servis Y\u00f6netimi \/ Service Management:<br>```bash<br># Servisi ba\u015flatma<br>sudo systemctl start ssh<\/p><p># Otomatik ba\u015flatma<br>sudo systemctl enable ssh<\/p><p># Servis durumu kontrol\u00fc<br>sudo systemctl status ssh<br>```<\/p><p>3. Temel G\u00fcvenlik Ayarlar\u0131 \/ Basic Security Settings:<br>```bash<br># SSH yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131<br>sudo nano \/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config<\/p><p># \u00d6nemli g\u00fcvenlik ayarlar\u0131:<br>Port 2222 # Varsay\u0131lan portu de\u011fi\u015ftir<br>PermitRootLogin no # Root giri\u015fini engelle<br>PasswordAuthentication no # \u015eifre ile giri\u015fi kapat<br>PubkeyAuthentication yes # Anahtar ile giri\u015fe izin ver<br>AllowUsers kullanici1 # \u0130zin verilen kullan\u0131c\u0131lar<br>MaxAuthTries 3 # Maksimum deneme say\u0131s\u0131<br>```<\/p><p>4. Firewall Ayarlar\u0131 \/ Firewall Settings:<br>```bash<br># SSH portu i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131rma<br>sudo ufw allow 2222\/tcp<br>sudo ufw enable<br>sudo ufw status<br>```<\/p><p>5. SSH Anahtar Y\u00f6netimi \/ SSH Key Management:<br>```bash<br># Client taraf\u0131nda anahtar olu\u015fturma<br>ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096<\/p><p># A\u00e7\u0131k anahtar\u0131 sunucuya kopyalama<br>ssh-copy-id -p 2222 kullanici@sunucu_ip<br>```<\/p><p>6. SSH Ba\u011flant\u0131 Test \/ SSH Connection Test:<br>```bash<br># SSH ba\u011flant\u0131 testi<br>ssh -p 2222 kullanici@sunucu_ip<br>```<\/p><p>7. Log Kontrol\u00fc \/ Log Monitoring:<br>```bash<br># SSH loglar\u0131n\u0131 izleme<br>sudo tail -f \/var\/log\/auth.log<br>```<\/p><p>8. Fail2ban Kurulumu \/ Fail2ban Installation:<br>```bash<br># Fail2ban kurulumu<br>sudo apt install fail2ban<\/p><p># Yap\u0131land\u0131rma<br>sudo cp \/etc\/fail2ban\/jail.conf \/etc\/fail2ban\/jail.local<br>sudo nano \/etc\/fail2ban\/jail.local<br>```<\/p><p>9. \u0130zinler \/ Permissions:<br>```bash<br># SSH dizini izinleri<br>chmod 700 ~\/.ssh<br>chmod 600 ~\/.ssh\/authorized_keys<br>```<\/p><p>10. G\u00fcvenlik \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131 \/ Security Tips:<br>- G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u015fifreler kullan\u0131n<br>- Varsay\u0131lan portu de\u011fi\u015ftirin<br>- Anahtar tabanl\u0131 kimlik do\u011frulama kullan\u0131n<br>- Fail2ban kullan\u0131n<br>- Loglar\u0131 d\u00fczenli kontrol edin<\/p><p>11. Sorun Giderme \/ Troubleshooting:<br>```bash<br># Ba\u011flant\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 i\u00e7in debug modu<br>ssh -vv kullanici@sunucu_ip<\/p><p># SSH servis durumu<br>sudo systemctl status ssh<\/p><p># Port kontrol\u00fc<br>sudo netstat -tulpn | grep ssh<br>```<\/p><p>12. SSH Config \u00d6rne\u011fi \/ SSH Config Example:<br>```bash<br># ~\/.ssh\/config dosyas\u0131<br>Host sunucu_adi<br>HostName sunucu_ip<br>Port 2222<br>User kullanici<br>IdentityFile ~\/.ssh\/id_rsa<br>```<\/p><p>13. Otomatik Ba\u011flant\u0131 \/ Auto Connection:<br>```bash<br># Anahtar olu\u015fturma (parolas\u0131z)<br>ssh-keygen -t rsa -N \u201c\u201d -f ~\/.ssh\/id_rsa<\/p><p># Anahtar\u0131 sunucuya kopyalama<br>ssh-copy-id -i ~\/.ssh\/id_rsa.pub kullanici@sunucu_ip<br>```<\/p><p>\u00d6nemli Notlar \/ Important Notes:<br>- Her de\u011fi\u015fiklikten sonra servisi yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n<br>- G\u00fcvenlik g\u00fcncellemelerini d\u00fczenli yap\u0131n<br>- Yedekleme rutini olu\u015fturun<br>- Sadece gerekli portlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k tutun<br>- SSH anahtarlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvenli saklay\u0131n<\/p><p>Yararl\u0131 Komutlar \/ Useful Commands:<br>```bash<br># Ba\u011fl\u0131 kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6rme<br>who<\/p><p># Aktif SSH oturumlar\u0131<br>w<\/p><p># SSH versiyonu kontrol<br>ssh -V<\/p><p># SSH anahtar parmak izi<br>ssh-keygen -l -f ~\/.ssh\/id_rsa.pub<br>```<br>Debian\/Linux sisteminde saat ve tarih g\u00fcncelleme i\u015flemleri<\/p><p># Sadece saat ayarlama<br>sudo date +%T -s \u201c14:30:00\u201d<\/p><p># Sadece tarih ayarlama<br>sudo date +%Y%m%d -s \u201c20241124\u201d<br>```<\/p><p>2. NTP (Network Time Protocol) ile Otomatik Ayarlama:<br>```bash<br># NTP kurulumu<br>sudo apt update<br>sudo apt install ntp<\/p><p># NTP servisi ba\u015flatma<br>sudo systemctl start ntp<br>sudo systemctl enable ntp<\/p><p># NTP durumu kontrol\u00fc<br>sudo systemctl status ntp<br>```<\/p><p>3. Zaman Dilimi Ayarlar\u0131 \/ Timezone Settings:<br>```bash<br># Mevcut zaman dilimini g\u00f6rme<br>timedatectl<\/p><p># Kullan\u0131labilir zaman dilimlerini listeleme<br>timedatectl list-timezones<\/p><p># Zaman dilimini de\u011fi\u015ftirme<br>sudo timedatectl set-timezone Europe\/Istanbul<br>```<\/p><p>4. Donan\u0131m Saati Senkronizasyonu:<br>```bash<br># Sistem saatini donan\u0131m saatine yazma<br>sudo hwclock \u2014 systohc<\/p><p># Donan\u0131m saatini okuma<br>sudo hwclock \u2014 show<\/p><p>5. Chrony ile Saat Senkronizasyonu:<br>```bash<br># Chrony kurulumu<br>sudo apt install chrony<\/p><p># Servisi ba\u015flatma<br>sudo systemctl start chronyd<br>sudo systemctl enable chronyd<\/p><p># Durum kontrol\u00fc<br>chronyc tracking<br>```<\/p><p>Yararl\u0131 Komutlar \/ Useful Commands:<br>```bash<br># Mevcut saat ve tarihi g\u00f6sterme<br>date<\/p><p># NTP sunucular\u0131 ile senkronizasyon durumu<br>ntpq -p<\/p><p># Sistem saati ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rme<br>timedatectl status<\/p><p># Zaman senkronizasyonunu kontrol etme<br>sudo timedatectl set-ntp true<br>```<\/p><p>Not \/ Notes:<br>- Sunucu sistemlerinde NTP kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6nerilir<br>- Zaman dilimi de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinde sistemin yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekebilir<br>- Saat de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi baz\u0131 servisleri etkileyebilir<br>- Donan\u0131m saati UTC format\u0131nda tutulur<\/p><p>Debian\/Linux\u2019ta uyku moduna girmeyi engelleme y\u00f6ntemleri:<\/p><p>1. Sistem Ayarlar\u0131ndan Engelleme \/ System Settings:<br>```bash<br># G\u00fc\u00e7 y\u00f6netimi ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirme<br>sudo systemctl mask sleep.target suspend.target hibernate.target hybrid-sleep.target<\/p><p># Servisleri kontrol etme<br>systemctl status sleep.target suspend.target hibernate.target hybrid-sleep.target<br>```<\/p><p>2. Komut Sat\u0131r\u0131 ile Ge\u00e7ici Engelleme \/ Temporary Prevention:<br>```bash<br># systemd-inhibit kullan\u0131m\u0131<br>systemd-inhibit \u2014 what=sleep \u2014 who=\u201d$USER\u201d \u2014 why=\u201dPrevent suspend\u201d \u2014 mode=block sleep infinity<\/p><p># caffeine benzeri uygulama<br>sudo apt install caffeine<br>```<\/p><p>3. G\u00fc\u00e7 Y\u00f6netimi Ayarlar\u0131 \/ Power Management:<br>```bash<br># GNOME i\u00e7in<br>gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.power sleep-inactive-ac-type \u2018nothing\u2019<br>gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.power sleep-inactive-battery-type \u2018nothing\u2019<\/p><p># KDE i\u00e7in<br>qdbus org.kde.Solid.PowerManagement \/org\/kde\/Solid\/PowerManagement set suppressSleep true<br>```<\/p><p>4. systemd Yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131 \/ systemd Configuration:<br>```bash<br># logind.conf d\u00fczenleme<br>sudo nano \/etc\/systemd\/logind.conf<\/p><p># Eklenecek\/de\u011fi\u015ftirilecek sat\u0131rlar:<br>HandleLidSwitch=ignore<br>HandleLidSwitchExternalPower=ignore<br>IdleAction=ignore<br>```<\/p><p>5. DPMS (Ekran G\u00fc\u00e7 Y\u00f6netimi) Ayarlar\u0131:<br>```bash<br># DPMS\u2019i devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakma<br>xset -dpms<br>xset s off<\/p><p># Kal\u0131c\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in ~\/.xprofile\u2019a ekleyin:<br>echo \u201cxset -dpms\u201d &gt;&gt; ~\/.xprofile<br>echo \u201cxset s off\u201d &gt;&gt; ~\/.xprofile<br>```<\/p><p>6. Otomatik Script Olu\u015fturma \/ Create Automatic Script:<br>```bash<br># Script olu\u015fturma<br>sudo nano \/usr\/local\/bin\/prevent-suspend.sh<\/p><p># Script i\u00e7eri\u011fi<br>#!\/bin\/bash<br>while true; do<br>xdotool keydown Shift; xdotool keyup Shift<br>sleep 59<br>done<\/p><p># \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir yapma<br>sudo chmod +x \/usr\/local\/bin\/prevent-suspend.sh<br>```<\/p><p>7. Kernel Parametreleri \/ Kernel Parameters:<br>```bash<br># GRUB yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<br>sudo nano \/etc\/default\/grub<\/p><p># Eklenecek parametre<br>GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=\u201dquiet splash noacpi\u201d<\/p><p># GRUB g\u00fcncelleme<br>sudo update-grub<br>```<\/p><p>8. Otomatik Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 Ayar\u0131 \/ Autostart Setting:<br>```bash<br># Autostart dosyas\u0131 olu\u015fturma<br>mkdir -p ~\/.config\/autostart<br>nano ~\/.config\/autostart\/prevent-suspend.desktop<\/p><p># Dosya i\u00e7eri\u011fi<br><br>Type=Application<br>Name=Prevent Suspend<br>Exec=\/usr\/local\/bin\/prevent-suspend.sh<br>Hidden=false<br>NoDisplay=false<br>X-GNOME-Autostart-enabled=true<br>```<\/p><p>\u00d6nemli Notlar \/ Important Notes:<br>- Baz\u0131 ayarlar masa\u00fcst\u00fc ortam\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015febilir<br>- Sistem g\u00fcncellemelerinde ayarlar s\u0131f\u0131rlanabilir<br>- Pil kullan\u0131m\u0131 artabilir<br>- G\u00fcvenlik g\u00fcncellemeleri i\u00e7in sistem yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r<\/p><p>Sorun Giderme \/ Troubleshooting:<br>```bash<br># G\u00fc\u00e7 y\u00f6netimi durumu<br>powerprofilesctl get<\/p><p># Uyku modu durumu<br>systemctl status systemd-suspend.service<\/p><p># Aktif inhibit\u00f6rleri g\u00f6rme<br>systemd-inhibit \u2014 list<br>```<\/p><p>GUI Uygulamalar\u0131 \/ GUI Applications:<br>- Caffeine<br>- GNOME Tweaks<br>- KDE System Settings<br>- Power Manager Settings<\/p><p>Her masa\u00fcst\u00fc ortam\u0131 i\u00e7in ayarlar farkl\u0131 olabilir, kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z ortama g\u00f6re uygun y\u00f6ntemi se\u00e7in.<\/p><p>9. FTP sunucusu kurmak i\u00e7in vsftpd (Very Secure FTP Daemon) kullanaca\u011f\u0131z. Ad\u0131m ad\u0131m kural\u0131m:<\/p><p>1. \u00d6nce vsftpd\u2019yi y\u00fckleyelim:<br>```bash<br>sudo apt update<br>sudo apt install vsftpd<br>```<\/p><p>2. Orijinal config dosyas\u0131n\u0131 yedekleyelim:<br>```bash<br>sudo cp \/etc\/vsftpd.conf \/etc\/vsftpd.conf.backup<br>```<\/p><p>3. vsftpd.conf dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyelim:<br>```bash<br>sudo nano \/etc\/vsftpd.conf<br>```<\/p><p>vsftpd.conf i\u00e7eri\u011fini \u015fu \u015fekilde d\u00fczenleyelim:<br>```conf<br># Temel Ayarlar<br>listen=YES<br>listen_ipv6=NO<br>anonymous_enable=NO<br>local_enable=YES<br>write_enable=YES<br>local_umask=022<br>dirmessage_enable=YES<br>use_localtime=YES<\/p><p># G\u00fcvenlik Ayarlar\u0131<br>chroot_local_user=YES<br>allow_writeable_chroot=YES<br>ssl_enable=NO<br>pasv_enable=YES<br>pasv_min_port=40000<br>pasv_max_port=40100<\/p><p># Logging<br>xferlog_enable=YES<br>xferlog_file=\/var\/log\/vsftpd.log<br>xferlog_std_format=YES<\/p><p># www klas\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7in \u00f6zel ayarlar<br>local_root=\/var\/www<br>user_sub_token=$USER<br>```<\/p><p>4. FTP i\u00e7in yeni bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015ftural\u0131m:<br>```bash<br>sudo adduser ftpuser<br>```<br>(Sizden \u015fifre ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 bilgileri isteyecek, bunlar\u0131 doldurun)<\/p><p>5. Kullan\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 www-data grubuna ekleyelim:<br>```bash<br>sudo usermod -aG www-data ftpuser<br>```<\/p><p>6. www dizini i\u00e7in izinleri d\u00fczenleyelim:<br>```bash<br>sudo chown -R www-data:www-data \/var\/www<br>sudo chmod -R 775 \/var\/www<br>```<\/p><p>7. vsftpd servisini yeniden ba\u015flatal\u0131m:<br>```bash<br>sudo systemctl restart vsftpd<br>```<\/p><p>8. Firewall ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 yapal\u0131m (e\u011fer UFW kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z):<br>```bash<br>sudo ufw allow 20\/tcp<br>sudo ufw allow 21\/tcp<br>sudo ufw allow 40000:40100\/tcp<br>sudo ufw enable<br>```<\/p><p>Art\u0131k FTP sunucunuz haz\u0131r! \u015eu bilgilerle ba\u011flanabilirsiniz:<br>- Host: sunucu-ip-adresi<br>- Port: 21<br>- Kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131: ftpuser<br>- \u015eifre: (olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz \u015fifre)<\/p><p>FTP istemcisi olarak \u015funlar\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz:<br>- FileZilla<br>- WinSCP (Windows i\u00e7in)<br>- Cyberduck (Mac i\u00e7in)<\/p><p>G\u00fcvenlik \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131:<br>1. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u015fifreler kullan\u0131n<br>2. M\u00fcmk\u00fcnse SFTP kullan\u0131n (daha g\u00fcvenli)<br>3. Sadece gerekli dizinlere eri\u015fim verin<br>4. D\u00fczenli olarak log dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin<\/p><p>\u00d6rnek bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 ve klas\u00f6r eri\u015fimi i\u00e7in; k\u00f6k dizinideki python klas\u00f6r\u00fcne \u00f6zel bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 eri\u015fimi yapaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p><p>Python klas\u00f6r\u00fcne eri\u015fim i\u00e7in yeni bir FTP kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015ftural\u0131m:<\/p><p>1. Yeni bir kullan\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015ftural\u0131m:<br>```bash<br>sudo adduser pythonuser<br>```<br>(\u015eifre ve kullan\u0131c\u0131 bilgilerini doldurun)<\/p><p>2. Python klas\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcz i\u00e7in (\u00f6rne\u011fin \/python) dizin olu\u015ftural\u0131m:<br>```bash<br>sudo mkdir \/python<br>```<\/p><p>3. Klas\u00f6r sahipli\u011fi ve izinlerini ayarlayal\u0131m:<br>```bash<br>sudo chown -R pythonuser:pythonuser \/python<br>sudo chmod -R 755 \/python<br>```<\/p><p>4. vsftpd.conf dosyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyelim:<br>```bash<br>sudo nano \/etc\/vsftpd.conf<br>```<\/p><p>Dosyaya \u015fu sat\u0131rlar\u0131 ekleyelim (e\u011fer yoksa):<br>```conf<br># Kullan\u0131c\u0131 bazl\u0131 dizin yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131<br>user_sub_token=$USER<br>local_root=\/home\/$USER<\/p><p># G\u00fcvenlik ayarlar\u0131<br>chroot_local_user=YES<br>allow_writeable_chroot=YES<br>write_enable=YES<\/p><p># Kullan\u0131c\u0131 listesi ayarlar\u0131<br>userlist_enable=YES<br>userlist_file=\/etc\/vsftpd.userlist<br>userlist_deny=NO<br>```<\/p><p>5. Kullan\u0131c\u0131 listesi olu\u015ftural\u0131m:<br>```bash<br>sudo nano \/etc\/vsftpd.userlist<br>```<\/p><p>Bu dosyaya kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ekleyelim:<br>```<br>ftpuser<br>pythonuser<br>```<\/p><p>6. Python kullan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir yap\u0131land\u0131rma dosyas\u0131 olu\u015ftural\u0131m:<br>```bash<br>sudo mkdir -p \/etc\/vsftpd\/users<br>sudo nano \/etc\/vsftpd\/users\/pythonuser<br>```<\/p><p>\u0130\u00e7eri\u011fi \u015fu \u015fekilde olsun:<br>```<br>local_root=\/python<br>```<\/p><p>7. Ana vsftpd.conf dosyas\u0131na bu kullan\u0131c\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 ekleyelim:<br>```bash<br>sudo nano \/etc\/vsftpd.conf<br>```<\/p><p>Dosyan\u0131n sonuna ekleyin:<br>```conf<br>user_config_dir=\/etc\/vsftpd\/users<br>```<\/p><p>8. Servisi yeniden ba\u015flatal\u0131m:<br>```bash<br>sudo systemctl restart vsftpd<br>```<\/p><p>9. \u0130zinleri test edelim:<br>```bash<br>sudo -u pythonuser touch \/python\/test.txt<br>```<\/p><p>Art\u0131k \u015fu bilgilerle ba\u011flanabilirsiniz:<br>- Host: sunucu-ip-adresi<br>- Port: 21<br>- Kullan\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131: pythonuser<br>- \u015eifre: (olu\u015fturdu\u011funuz \u015fifre)<\/p><p>Test etmek i\u00e7in:<br>1. FileZilla veya ba\u015fka bir FTP istemcisi kullan\u0131n<br>2. Yukar\u0131daki bilgilerle ba\u011flan\u0131n<br>3. \/python dizinine dosya y\u00fcklemeyi deneyin<\/p><p>G\u00fcvenlik notlar\u0131:<br>1. Python klas\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir dosyalar i\u00e7in dikkatli olun<br>2. D\u00fczenli olarak log dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edin<br>3. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u015fifre kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan emin olun<\/p><p>10. Debian\u2019a VSCode kurulumunu ad\u0131m ad\u0131m yapal\u0131m:<\/p><p>1. \u00d6nce gerekli ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00fckleyelim:<br>```bash<br>sudo apt update<br>sudo apt install software-properties-common apt-transport-https wget gpg<br>```<\/p><p>2. Microsoft GPG anahtar\u0131n\u0131 indirelim ve ekleyelim:<br>```bash<br>wget -qO- <a href=\"https:\/\/packages.microsoft.com\/keys\/microsoft.asc\">https:\/\/packages.microsoft.com\/keys\/microsoft.asc<\/a> | gpg \u2014 dearmor &gt; packages.microsoft.gpg<br>sudo install -D -o root -g root -m 644 packages.microsoft.gpg \/etc\/apt\/keyrings\/packages.microsoft.gpg<br>```<\/p><p>3. VSCode deposunu sisteme ekleyelim:<br>```bash<br>sudo sh -c \u2018echo \u201cdeb <a href=\"https:\/\/packages.microsoft.com\/repos\/code\">https:\/\/packages.microsoft.com\/repos\/code<\/a> stable main\u201d &gt; \/etc\/apt\/sources.list.d\/vscode.list\u2019<br>```<\/p><p>4. Paket listesini g\u00fcncelleyelim:<br>```bash<br>sudo apt update<br>```<\/p><p>5. VSCode\u2019u y\u00fckleyelim:<br>```bash<br>sudo apt install code<br>```<\/p><p>Yararl\u0131 VSCode Eklentileri (iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131):<\/p><p>Python Geli\u015ftirme i\u00e7in:<br>```<br>- Python (Microsoft)<br>- Pylance<br>- Python Indent<br>- autoDocstring<br>```<\/p><p>Web Geli\u015ftirme i\u00e7in:<br>```<br>- Live Server<br>- HTML CSS Support<br>- JavaScript (ES6) code snippets<br>- ESLint<br>```<\/p><p>PHP Geli\u015ftirme i\u00e7in:<br>```<br>- PHP Intelephense<br>- PHP Debug<br>- PHP Extension Pack<br>```<\/p><p>Git i\u00e7in:<br>```<br>- GitLens<br>- Git History<br>```<\/p><p>Genel Kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in:<br>```<br>- Material Icon Theme<br>- One Dark Pro<br>- Remote \u2014 SSH<br>- Remote Development<br>```<\/p><p>VSCode Temel Ayarlar\u0131:<\/p><p>1. Otomatik kaydetme:<br>File &gt; Preferences &gt; Settings<br>- \u201cFiles: Auto Save\u201d se\u00e7ene\u011fini \u201cafterDelay\u201d yap\u0131n<\/p><p>2. Yaz\u0131 tipi boyutu:<br>File &gt; Preferences &gt; Settings<br>- \u201cEditor: Font Size\u201d de\u011ferini istedi\u011finiz boyuta ayarlay\u0131n<\/p><p>3. Tema de\u011fi\u015ftirme:<br>File &gt; Preferences &gt; Color Theme<br>- \u0130stedi\u011finiz temay\u0131 se\u00e7in<\/p><p>4. Terminal entegrasyonu:<br>```<br>Ctrl + ` (backtick) ile terminali a\u00e7abilirsiniz<br>```<\/p><p>Temel VSCode K\u0131sayollar\u0131:<br>```<br>Ctrl + P : Dosya arama<br>Ctrl + Shift + P : Komut paleti<br>Ctrl + , : Ayarlar<br>Ctrl + B : Kenar \u00e7ubu\u011funu gizle\/g\u00f6ster<br>Ctrl + ` : Terminal a\u00e7\/kapa<br>Ctrl + \/ : Sat\u0131r yorumu<br>Alt + Up\/Down : Sat\u0131r\u0131 yukar\u0131\/a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131<br>Ctrl + D : Sonraki e\u015fle\u015fmeyi se\u00e7<br>```<\/p><p>Proje Dizini A\u00e7ma:<br>1. VSCode\u2019u ba\u015flat\u0131n<br>2. File &gt; Open Folder<br>3. Proje dizininizi se\u00e7in<\/p><p>VSCode\u2019u g\u00fcncellemek i\u00e7in:<br>```bash<br>sudo apt update<br>sudo apt upgrade code<br>```<\/p><p>VSCode\u2019u kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in:<br>```bash<br>sudo apt remove code<br>sudo apt autoremove<br>```<\/p>","excerpt":"Debian Kurulum Notlar\u0131m\/ install Notes","created_at":"2024-12-29 11:41:17","updated_at":"2026-09-23 18:51:16","category_id":10,"view_count":729,"reading_time":23,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2024-12-29 11:41:17","featured_image":"resimyok.jpg","slug":"debian-kurulum-notlarim","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix","category_color":"#2a1952"},{"id":245,"title":"Debian\/Ubuntu i\u00e7in Node.js kurulum k\u0131lavuzu","content":"<figure ><img src=\"uploads\/67710b030f390_medium_0AS3SQRjREkeCCLbI\" alt=\"\u00d6nder AK\u00d6Z\"><\/figure><p>Listen<\/p><p>Debian\/Ubuntu i\u00e7in Node.js kurulum k\u0131lavuzu:<\/p><p>**T\u00dcRK\u00c7E:**<\/p><p>1. **NVM (Node Version Manager) Kurulumu:**<br>```bash<br># NVM kurulum scripti<br>curl -o- <a href=\"https:\/\/raw.githubusercontent.com\/nvm-sh\/nvm\/v0.39.0\/install.sh\">https:\/\/raw.githubusercontent.com\/nvm-sh\/nvm\/v0.39.0\/install.sh<\/a> | bash<\/p><p># veya wget ile<br>wget -qO- <a href=\"https:\/\/raw.githubusercontent.com\/nvm-sh\/nvm\/v0.39.0\/install.sh\">https:\/\/raw.githubusercontent.com\/nvm-sh\/nvm\/v0.39.0\/install.sh<\/a> | bash<br>```<\/p><p>2. **NVM\u2019i Aktif Etme:**<br>```bash<br>export NVM_DIR=\u201d$( &amp;&amp; printf %s \u201c${HOME}\/.nvm\u201d || printf %s \u201c${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}\/nvm\u201d)\u201d<br> &amp;&amp; \\. \u201c$NVM_DIR\/nvm.sh\u201d<br>```<\/p><p>3. **Node.js Kurulumu:**<br>```bash<br># En son kararl\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc kurma<br>nvm install node<\/p><p># Belirli bir s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc kurma<br>nvm install 14.17.0<\/p><p># LTS (Uzun S\u00fcreli Destek) s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kurma<br>nvm install \u2014 lts<br>```<\/p><p>4. **Node S\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc Kontrol Etme:**<br>```bash<br>node \u2014 version<br>npm \u2014 version<br>```<\/p><p>5. **Temel Global Paketler (\u0130ste\u011fe Ba\u011fl\u0131):**<br>```bash<br>npm install -g nodemon<br>npm install -g pm2<br>npm install -g yarn<br>```<\/p><p>**ENGLISH:**<\/p><p>1. **Installing NVM (Node Version Manager):**<br>```bash<br># NVM installation script<br>curl -o- <a href=\"https:\/\/raw.githubusercontent.com\/nvm-sh\/nvm\/v0.39.0\/install.sh\">https:\/\/raw.githubusercontent.com\/nvm-sh\/nvm\/v0.39.0\/install.sh<\/a> | bash<\/p><p># or with wget<br>wget -qO- <a href=\"https:\/\/raw.githubusercontent.com\/nvm-sh\/nvm\/v0.39.0\/install.sh\">https:\/\/raw.githubusercontent.com\/nvm-sh\/nvm\/v0.39.0\/install.sh<\/a> | bash<br>```<\/p><p>2. **Activating NVM:**<br>```bash<br>export NVM_DIR=\u201d$( &amp;&amp; printf %s \u201c${HOME}\/.nvm\u201d || printf %s \u201c${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}\/nvm\u201d)\u201d<br> &amp;&amp; \\. \u201c$NVM_DIR\/nvm.sh\u201d<br>```<\/p><p>3. **Installing Node.js:**<br>```bash<br># Install latest stable version<br>nvm install node<\/p><p># Install specific version<br>nvm install 14.17.0<\/p><p># Install LTS (Long Term Support) version<br>nvm install \u2014 lts<br>```<\/p><p>4. **Check Node Version:**<br>```bash<br>node \u2014 version<br>npm \u2014 version<br>```<\/p><p>5. **Basic Global Packages (Optional):**<br>```bash<br>npm install -g nodemon<br>npm install -g pm2<br>npm install -g yarn<br>```<\/p><p>**Yararl\u0131 NVM Komutlar\u0131 \/ Useful NVM Commands:**<\/p><p>```bash<br># Mevcut s\u00fcr\u00fcmleri listeleme \/ List installed versions<br>nvm ls<\/p><p># Kullan\u0131labilir s\u00fcr\u00fcmleri g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme \/ Show available versions<br>nvm ls-remote<\/p><p># S\u00fcr\u00fcm de\u011fi\u015ftirme \/ Switch version<br>nvm use 14.17.0<\/p><p># Varsay\u0131lan s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc ayarlama \/ Set default version<br>nvm alias default 14.17.0<\/p><p># Node\u2019u kald\u0131rma \/ Uninstall Node<br>nvm uninstall 14.17.0<br>```<\/p><p>**Proje Ba\u015flatma \/ Starting a Project:**<br>```bash<br># Yeni proje olu\u015fturma \/ Create new project<br>mkdir my-project<br>cd my-project<\/p><p># Package.json olu\u015fturma \/ Create package.json<br>npm init<\/p><p># veya varsay\u0131lan ayarlarla \/ or with default settings<br>npm init -y<\/p><p># Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ekleme \/ Add dependencies<br>npm install express<br>npm install dotenv<br>```<\/p><p>**PM2 Temel Komutlar \/ PM2 Basic Commands:**<br>```bash<br># Uygulamay\u0131 ba\u015flatma \/ Start application<br>pm2 start app.js<\/p><p># Durum kontrol\u00fc \/ Check status<br>pm2 status<\/p><p># Log g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme \/ View logs<br>pm2 logs<\/p><p># Uygulamay\u0131 yeniden ba\u015flatma \/ Restart application<br>pm2 restart app.js<\/p><p># T\u00fcm uygulamalar\u0131 durdurma \/ Stop all applications<br>pm2 stop all<br>```<\/p><p>Bu kurulum ve komutlarla Node.js geli\u015ftirme ortam\u0131n\u0131z haz\u0131r olacakt\u0131r. \/ With these installations and commands, your Node.js development environment will be ready.<\/p>","excerpt":"Debian\/Ubuntu i\u00e7in Node.js kurulum k\u0131lavuzu","created_at":"2024-12-29 11:40:48","updated_at":"2026-09-23 20:40:53","category_id":10,"view_count":695,"reading_time":3,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2024-12-29 11:40:48","featured_image":"resimyok.jpg","slug":"debian-ubuntu-icin-node-js-kurulum-kilavuzu","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix","category_color":"#2a1952"},{"id":246,"title":"Python installation on Debian","content":"<p>Here\u2019s the step-by-step guide for Python installation on Debian in both English and Turkish:<\/p><p>**ENGLISH:**<\/p><p>1. **System Update:**<br>```bash<br>sudo apt update<br>sudo apt upgrade<br>```<\/p><p>2. **Installing Python 3** (usually pre-installed):<br>```bash<br>sudo apt install python3<br>```<\/p><p>3. **Installing Pip (Python Package Manager):**<br>```bash<br>sudo apt install python3-pip<br>```<\/p><p>4. **Python Development Tools:**<br>```bash<br>sudo apt install build-essential libssl-dev libffi-dev python3-dev<br>```<\/p><p>5. **Python Virtual Environment Tools:**<br>```bash<br>sudo apt install python3-venv<br>```<\/p><p>6. **Version Check:**<br>```bash<br>python3 \u2014 version<br>pip3 \u2014 version<br>```<\/p><p>7. **Basic Python Packages (Optional):**<br>```bash<br>pip3 install numpy<br>pip3 install pandas<br>pip3 install jupyter<br>```<\/p><p>8. **Python IDEs (Optional):**<br>```bash<br># Visual Studio Code<br>sudo apt install code<\/p><p># PyCharm<br>sudo snap install pycharm-community \u2014 classic<br>```<\/p><p>9. **Installing Virtualenv (Optional):**<br>```bash<br>pip3 install virtualenv<\/p><p># Creating new virtual environment<br>python3 -m venv myenv<\/p><p># Activating virtual environment<br>source myenv\/bin\/activate<br>```<\/p><p>10. **Basic System Tools:**<br>```bash<br>sudo apt install git wget curl<br>```<\/p><p>**Important Notes:**<br>- Prefer Python 3 over Python 2<br>- Using virtual environments is a good practice<br>- Install packages per project instead of system-wide<br>- Use requirements.txt to manage dependencies<\/p><p>**Using Requirements.txt:**<br>```bash<br># Save current packages to requirements.txt<br>pip3 freeze &gt; requirements.txt<\/p><p># Install packages from requirements.txt<br>pip3 install -r requirements.txt<br>```<\/p><p>**T\u00dcRK\u00c7E:**<\/p><p>1. **Sistem G\u00fcncelleme:**<br>```bash<br>sudo apt update<br>sudo apt upgrade<br>```<\/p><p>2. **Python 3 Kurulumu** (genellikle \u00f6ny\u00fckl\u00fc gelir):<br>```bash<br>sudo apt install python3<br>```<\/p><p>3. **Pip (Python Paket Y\u00f6neticisi) Kurulumu:**<br>```bash<br>sudo apt install python3-pip<br>```<\/p><p>4. **Python Geli\u015ftirme Ara\u00e7lar\u0131:**<br>```bash<br>sudo apt install build-essential libssl-dev libffi-dev python3-dev<br>```<\/p><p>5. **Python Sanal Ortam Ara\u00e7lar\u0131:**<br>```bash<br>sudo apt install python3-venv<br>```<\/p><p>6. **Versiyon Kontrol\u00fc:**<br>```bash<br>python3 \u2014 version<br>pip3 \u2014 version<br>```<\/p><p>7. **Temel Python Paketleri (\u0130ste\u011fe Ba\u011fl\u0131):**<br>```bash<br>pip3 install numpy<br>pip3 install pandas<br>pip3 install jupyter<br>```<\/p><p>8. **Python IDE\u2019leri (\u0130ste\u011fe Ba\u011fl\u0131):**<br>```bash<br># Visual Studio Code<br>sudo apt install code<\/p><p># PyCharm<br>sudo snap install pycharm-community \u2014 classic<br>```<\/p><p>9. **Virtualenv Kurulumu (\u0130ste\u011fe Ba\u011fl\u0131):**<br>```bash<br>pip3 install virtualenv<\/p><p># Yeni sanal ortam olu\u015fturma<br>python3 -m venv myenv<\/p><p># Sanal ortam\u0131 aktif etme<br>source myenv\/bin\/activate<br>```<\/p><p>10. **Temel Sistem Ara\u00e7lar\u0131:**<br>```bash<br>sudo apt install git wget curl<br>```<\/p><p>**\u00d6nemli Notlar:**<br>- Python 2 yerine Python 3 kullanmay\u0131 tercih edin<br>- Projelerde sanal ortam kullanmak iyi bir pratiktir<br>- Sistem geneli yerine proje bazl\u0131 paket kurulumu yap\u0131n<br>- Requirements.txt kullanarak ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00f6netin<\/p><p>**Requirements.txt Kullan\u0131m\u0131:**<br>```bash<br># Mevcut paketleri requirements.txt\u2019ye kaydetme<br>pip3 freeze &gt; requirements.txt<\/p><p># Requirements.txt\u2019den paket kurulumu<br>pip3 install -r requirements.txt<br>```<\/p>","excerpt":"Here\u2019s the step-by-step guide for Python installation on Debian in both English and Turkish:","created_at":"2024-12-29 11:40:27","updated_at":"2026-09-23 17:35:59","category_id":10,"view_count":665,"reading_time":2,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2024-12-29 11:40:27","featured_image":"resimyok.jpg","slug":"python-installation-on-debian-1","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix","category_color":"#2a1952"},{"id":251,"title":"\u00c7ok kullan\u0131lmayan Linux Komutlar\u0131","content":"<p>\u0130ster Sistem Y\u00f6neticisi, Geli\u015ftirici, DevOps, G\u00fcvenlik veya Operasyon uzman\u0131 olun, Linux\u2019u ve ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 etkili bir \u015fekilde kullanmak \u00f6\u011frenebilece\u011finiz en temel beceridir. Linux, d\u00fcnyadaki sunucular\u0131n ve uygulamalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun temelini olu\u015fturur.<\/p><p>\u201cProfesyonel geli\u015ftiricilerin %47'si Linux tabanl\u0131 i\u015fletim sistemleri kullanmaktad\u0131r.\u201d<\/p><p>## Linux Komutlar\u0131: Herkesin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p><p>Bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu ls veya echo gibi komutlar\u0131 g\u00f6steren ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 seviyesinde, san\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7o\u011funuz temel komutlar\u0131 zaten biliyorsunuz.<\/p><p>Bu makale farkl\u0131. \u0130\u015f yerinde her g\u00fcn kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m komutlar\u0131n ki\u015fisel bir \u00f6zetini payla\u015faca\u011f\u0131m. Bu liste ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7iyor ve daha h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131za ve Linux\u2019u daha iyi y\u00f6netmenize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacak komutlara odaklan\u0131yor.<\/p><p>\u0130ki b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015facak:<br>1. Linux Ara\u00e7lar\u0131 \u2014 \u00d6nemli ara\u00e7lar ve bunlar\u0131 etkili kullanma<br>2. Ge\u00e7ici Komutlar \u2014 \u0130htiya\u00e7 duydu\u011funuzda h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 komutlar<\/p><p>## Linux Ara\u00e7lar\u0131<\/p><p>### Yard\u0131mc\u0131 Programlar<\/p><p>#### rsync<br>Dosya ve dizinleri hedefe kopyalamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r, cp komutuna benzer. Ancak uzak konumlara kopyalama yapabilir ve ilerleme \u00e7ubu\u011fu g\u00f6sterebilir, genellikle yedeklemeler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><p># \u00d6rnek Kullan\u0131m<br>$ rsync -vap \u2014 ignore-existing &lt;kaynak_dosya&gt; &lt;hedef_dosya&gt;<\/p><p># \u00d6nemli bayraklar:<br>v = ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131, r = \u00f6zyinelemeli, p = izinleri koru, g = grup, o = sahip, a = ar\u015fiv, \u2014 progress = ilerleme \u00e7ubu\u011fu<\/p><p>#### mkpasswd<br>mkpasswd basit ama \u00e7ok kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bir komuttur, belirtilen uzunlukta karma\u015f\u0131k rastgele \u015fifre olu\u015fturur.<\/p><p>$ mkpasswd -l 8<br>&gt; iwF1g2Lo<\/p><p>#### screen<br>Screen tam ekran pencere y\u00f6neticisidir; i\u00e7inde kabuk \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran tek bir pencere olu\u015fturur ve tek bir oturum i\u00e7inde birden fazla screen penceresinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na izin verir. Uzaktan uzun bir g\u00f6rev \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorsan\u0131z ve SSH oturumunuzun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp her \u015feyi mahvetmesinden endi\u015feleniyorsan\u0131z \u00e7ok faydal\u0131d\u0131r. Screen ba\u011flant\u0131 kesintisinden sonra da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam eder.<\/p><p># \u00d6rnek Kullan\u0131m<br>$ screen # Screen oturumu ba\u015flat<br>$ screen -ls # \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan servisleri listele<br>$ screen -r # Oturuma ba\u011flan<br><br>Makalenin devam\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00e7evirisiyle sunuyorum:<\/p><p>#### Ldapsearch<br>LDAP veritabanlar\u0131yla d\u00fczenli olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorsan\u0131z, Ldapsearch olmazsa olmazd\u0131r. Bu ara\u00e7, LDAP sunucusuna ba\u011flant\u0131 a\u00e7ar ve veritaban\u0131n\u0131zdaki giri\u015fleri araman\u0131za, bulman\u0131za ve hata ay\u0131klaman\u0131za olanak tan\u0131r.<\/p><p># \u00d6rnek Kullan\u0131m<br>$ ldapsearch -x -W -D &lt;kullan\u0131c\u0131_ad\u0131&gt; | less<\/p><p># \u00d6nemli Bayraklar<br>-x = basit kimlik do\u011frulama<br>-W = \u015fifre sorma<br>-D = LDAP dizinine ba\u011flanmak i\u00e7in ay\u0131rt edici binddn ad\u0131n\u0131 kullan<\/p><p>### \u0130zleme Ara\u00e7lar\u0131<\/p><p>#### Uptime<br>Uptime, bir sunucunun ne kadar s\u00fcredir \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, mevcut zaman, kullan\u0131c\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 ve bellek kullan\u0131m ortalamalar\u0131 gibi metrikleri d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Sunucunuzda bir \u015feyler ters gitti\u011finde, genellikle ilk ba\u015fvurulan komuttur.<\/p><p>#### w<br>Evet, tek harf. Bu, uptime ve who komutlar\u0131n\u0131n harika bir kombinasyonudur.<br><br>$ w<\/p><p>#### Wall<br>Wall, herhangi bir sistem y\u00f6neticisi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bir komuttur; sistemde o anda oturum a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olan herkesin terminaline mesaj g\u00f6ndermenizi sa\u011flar. Bu, sistem genelindeki duyurular i\u00e7in \u00e7ok kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olabilir.<\/p><p>$ wall \u201cBak\u0131m 13:30'da planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d<\/p><p>#### Top<br>CPU ve kritik bellek kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile CPU kullan\u0131m metrikleri i\u00e7in otomatik yenilenen bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 listesi g\u00f6sterir.<br><br>$ top<\/p><p>#### Ncdu<br>ncdu komutu, disk kullan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in h\u0131zl\u0131 ve kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm sa\u011flar. En \u00e7ok disk alan\u0131 kullanan dizinleri h\u0131zl\u0131 ve kolay bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in kullanabilirsiniz.<br><br>$ ncdu<\/p><p>#### lsof<br>lsof, temel bir ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan tek bir komuttur: A\u00e7\u0131k Dosyalar\u0131 Listele (LiSt Open Files). \u00d6zellikle dosyalar\u0131n kullan\u0131mda oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen ba\u011flama sorunlar\u0131 ya\u015farken \u00e7ok kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu komut, hangi dosyalar\u0131n hangi i\u015flemler taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131ca tan\u0131mlar.<br><br>$ lsof<\/p><p>### A\u011f Ara\u00e7lar\u0131<\/p><p>#### Netcat<br>Netcat veya nc \u00f6ncelikle port taramas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r, ancak asl\u0131nda sistem y\u00f6neticilerinin herhangi bir g\u00f6rev i\u00e7in ellerinin alt\u0131nda bulundurmalar\u0131 gereken harika bir a\u011f yard\u0131mc\u0131 program\u0131d\u0131r. Netcat; port tarama, dosya kopyalama, port y\u00f6nlendirme, proxy sunucular\u0131 ve sunucu bar\u0131nd\u0131rma gibi i\u015flemleri destekleyebilir\u2026 K\u0131sacas\u0131 inan\u0131lmaz derecede \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p><p># \u00d6rnek Kullan\u0131m:<br>$ nc -vz &lt;host&gt; &lt;port&gt; # \u0130ki host aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 belirli bir portta kontrol eder<br>$ nc -l 8080 | nc &lt;host&gt; 80 # Proxy sunucu olu\u015fturma<\/p><p>#### NetStat<br>Netstat; y\u00f6nlendirme tablolar\u0131, a\u011f ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131, \u00fcyelikler, istatistikler, bayraklar vb. gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli a\u011f ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p><p># \u00d6rnek Kullan\u0131m&nbsp;<br>$ netstat -a # T\u00fcm a\u011f portlar\u0131n\u0131 listele<br>$ netstat -tlpn # T\u00fcm dinleme portlar\u0131n\u0131 listele<\/p><p># \u00d6nemli Bayraklar<br>-s = \u0130statistikleri g\u00f6ster<br>-v = Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131<br>-r = Y\u00f6nlendirme tablolar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ster<br>-i = Aray\u00fcz tablosunu g\u00f6ster<br>-g = Grup \u00fcyeliklerini g\u00f6ster<\/p><p>#### Nslookup<br>\u0130nternet veya yerel a\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdaki sunucular hakk\u0131nda bilgi almak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ad sunucusu bilgilerini bulmak i\u00e7in DNS\u2019yi sorgular ve a\u011f hata ay\u0131klama i\u00e7in kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olabilir.<\/p><p># \u00d6rnek Kullan\u0131m<br>$ nslookup medium.com\/tags\/devops<\/p><p># \u00d6nemli Bayraklar<br>-port = Ba\u011flant\u0131 i\u00e7in port numaras\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftir<br>-type = Sorgu t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftir<br>-domain = Arama listesini isme ayarlar<\/p><p>#### TCPDump<br>Sisteminize gelen ve giden trafi\u011fi yakalamak ve analiz etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. A\u011f sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n hata ay\u0131klamas\u0131 ve giderilmesinde uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r, ayn\u0131 zamanda bir g\u00fcvenlik arac\u0131 olarak da kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p><p># \u00d6rnek Kullan\u0131m<br>$ tcpdump<br>$ tcpdump -i &lt;aray\u00fcz&gt; &lt;ip_adresi veya hostname&gt; &lt;port&gt;<\/p><p>### Ge\u00e7ici Komutlar<\/p><p>#### API Yan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 G\u00fczel Yazd\u0131rma<br>API\u2019lerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken terminalde JSON verilerini okumak olduk\u00e7a sinir bozucu olabilir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6rebilece\u011finiz gibi, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir veri k\u00fcmesi bile komut sat\u0131r\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclendi\u011finde h\u0131zl\u0131ca kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp okunmas\u0131 \u00e7ok zor hale gelebilir.<\/p><p>$ cat test.json<br>{\u201ctitle\u201d:\u201dPerson\u201d,\u201dtype\u201d:\u201dobject\u201d,\u201dproperties\u201d:{\u201cfirstName\u201d:{\u201ctype\u201d:\u201dstring\u201d},\u201dlastName\u201d:{\u201ctype\u201d:\u201dstring\u201d},\u201dage\u201d:{\u201cdescription\u201d:\u201dAge in years\u201d,\u201dtype\u201d:\u201dinteger\u201d,\u201dminimum\u201d:0}},\u201drequired\u201d:}<\/p><p>Neyse ki Python\u2019un bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc var. \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 python\u2019a y\u00f6nlendirerek JSON tool mod\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rabiliriz. Bu, JSON belgesini \u00e7ok daha kolay okunabilir ve g\u00f6ze daha ho\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bir \u015fekilde yazd\u0131racakt\u0131r.<\/p><p><\/p><p>Ayr\u0131ca, komut sat\u0131r\u0131 JSON aray\u00fcz\u00fc olan JQ\u2019yu da referans g\u00f6stermek gerekir:<br><br>$ jq . file.json<\/p><p>#### Kullan\u0131labilir Paketleri apt ile Arama<br><br>$ apt-cache search &lt;anahtar_kelime&gt;<\/p><p>#### \u0130ki Komutun \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma<br><br># \u0130ki ls komutunun \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma \u00f6rne\u011fi<br>$ diff -u &lt;(ls -l \/dizin\/) &lt;(ls -l \/dizin\/) | colordiff<\/p><p>#### Unix Zaman Damgas\u0131n\u0131 \u0130nsan Taraf\u0131ndan Okunabilir Formata D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme<br><br># Unix zaman damgas\u0131n\u0131 insan taraf\u0131ndan okunabilir formata d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr<br>$ date -d 1656685875<br>Fri, 01 Jul 2022 14:31:15 +0000<\/p><p># Mevcut zaman\u0131 UNIX zaman damgas\u0131 olarak al<br>$ date \u201c+%s\u201d<\/p><p>#### Git Commit\u2019lerini Birle\u015ftirme<br><br>$ git log # Ka\u00e7 commit yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn<br>$ git rebase -i HEAD~x # x = yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z commit say\u0131s\u0131<br># Metin edit\u00f6r\u00fcnde de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri yap\u0131n, son commit\u2019i pick olarak tutun ve di\u011ferlerini squash olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirin<br># Commit mesajlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyin, tercihen \u00f6nceki commit\u2019lerden olanlar\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131n<br>$ git push \u2014 force-with-lease<\/p><p>#### T\u00fcm Systemd Servislerini Listeleme<br><br>$ systemctl -l -t service | less<\/p>","excerpt":"\u0130ster Sistem Y\u00f6neticisi, Geli\u015ftirici, DevOps, G\u00fcvenlik veya Operasyon uzman\u0131 olun, Linux\u2019u ve ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 etkili bir \u015fekilde kullanmak \u00f6\u011frenebilece\u011finiz en temel beceridir. Linux, d\u00fcnyadaki sunucular\u0131n ve uygulamalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun temelini olu\u015fturur.\r\n\u201cProfesyonel geli\u015ftiricilerin %47'si Linux...","created_at":"2024-12-29 11:38:46","updated_at":"2026-09-23 17:39:15","category_id":10,"view_count":667,"reading_time":7,"status":"published","editor_choice":0,"is_editor_choice":0,"published_at":"2024-12-29 11:38:46","featured_image":"resimyok.jpg","slug":"cok-kullanilmayan-linux-komutlari","category_name":"nix Linux Unix","category_slug":"nix-linux-unix","category_color":"#2a1952"}]